Imfundo iyatshintsha, kwaye iza neembono ezintsha malunga nendlela abafundi abafunda ngayo. Enye imbono enjalo yinkqubo yonxibelelaniso (constructivism theory), indlela yokufundisa enenjongo yokunceda abafundi babambe iikhonsepthi ezahlukeneyo.
Ke, yintoni kanye kanye i-constructivism? Yindlela yokufundisa ejolise kubafundi ngokukhutheleyo ekwakheni ukuqonda kwabo ngehlabathi. Yithiyori echaza ukuba abafundi bakha ulwazi kunokwamkela ulwazi.
Eli nqaku liyicalula i-constructivism, lichaza ukuba yintoni na, kutheni ibalulekile, amanqanaba okufunda abandakanyekayo, amacandelo aphambili, kunye neenzuzo ezinikezelayo.
Ngamagama alula, i-constructivism imalunga nabafundi abenza okungaphezulu nje kokunkqaya iinyani. Endaweni yoko, benza ulwazi lwabo ngenkuthalo ngokuzibandakanya nezinto eziphathekayo. Yiba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wokwakha ubume bengqondo bolwazi, isitena ngesitena, ngokuchaseneyo nokufumana nje ulwazi.
Ukubaluleka kwenkqubo yonxibelelaniso kusekukwazini kwayo ukwenza ukufunda kube nentsingiselo ngakumbi. Xa abafundi bethatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubo yokufunda, kunokwenzeka ukuba bakhumbule kwaye baqonde ulwazi. Kufana nokufunda ukukhwela ibhayisekile - ukhumbula ngcono ngokuyinyola kwaye ulinganise kunokuba ufunde ngayo.
Amanqanaba okufunda kwi-constructivism abandakanya amanyathelo ahlukeneyo, ukusuka ekudibaneni kokuqala nolwazi olutsha ukuya kwinqanaba lokugqibela lokulawula ingqikelelo. Inyathelo ngalinye linegalelo kulwakhiwo ngokubanzi lolwazi engqondweni yomfundi.
Imiba ephambili yonxibelelaniso ibandakanya imisebenzi ekhuthaza ukuphonononga, intsebenziswano, kunye namava okusebenza. Ezi zinto zijolise ekuboneleleni ngobume bokufunda obutyebileyo apho abafundi banokuthatha inxaxheba ngokubonakalayo kwaye benze intsingiselo yoko bakufundayo.
Iinzuzo ze-constructivism zininzi. Ikhuthaza ukucinga okunzulu, izakhono zokusombulula iingxaki, kunye nokuqonda okunzulu kwezifundo. Abafundi baba ngabafundi abazimeleyo, abaxhotyiselwe ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwabo kwiimeko zobomi bokwenyani.
Ngokubanzi, i-constructivism yindlela eguqukayo eguqula imfundo ibe luhambo olubandakanyayo nolubandakanyayo, oluvumela abafundi ukuba bakhe ulwazi lwabo ngokukhutheleyo.
Ithiyori yoKwakha kunye nokubaluleka kwayo
I-Constructivism yinkcazo-bungcali ecebisa ukuba abafundi bangathathi nje ulwazi; endaweni yoko, balwakha ngenkuthalo ulwazi lwabo. Umba ongundoqo kukuba amava akho abumba ulwazi oludalayo njengomfundi.
Ngokuqwalasela la mava kunye nokudibanisa imibono emitsha kulwazi olukhoyo, ukhulisa ukuqonda kwakho.
Kwinkqubo yonxibelelaniso, iindlela zokufundisa ezisebenzisanayo ezifana neengxoxo ziyasetyenziswa ukudala imeko yokufundela apho abafundi bathethana ngokukhutheleyo. Ithiyori ayikukhuthazi ukunkqaya ngentloko, endaweni yoko igxininisa ukuqonda.
Ukubaluleka konxibelelaniso kuxhomekeke ekukwazini kwayo ukwenza abafundi bakwazi ukusebenzisa nokuphucula izakhono zokucinga, ezinjengokusombulula iingxaki, ukudlulisela ulwazi kwiimeko ezintsha. Le nkcazo-bungcali ayiphuculi kuphela izakhono zokusombulula iingxaki kodwa ikwakhuthaza ukukhula komntu kunye nomanyano loluntu ngokufumana amava amatsha.
Umzekelo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kumaqela eengxoxo kuququzelela ukufunda koontanga okanye abahlohli ngokukhuthaza ukuzibandakanya okusebenzayo. Le ndlela imela ngokuchaseneyo ukufunda nje, apho ulwazi olutsha lufunxwa ngaphandle kokuvelisa iingcamango ezintsha.
Ukuqonda iiThiyori ezahlukeneyo zoKwakha kwiMfundo
Kwezemfundo, zine iindidi eziphambili zeethiyori zonxibelelaniso zicacisa indlela abantu abafunda ngayo nabalufumana ngayo ulwazi.
Ulwakhiwo olungephi okanye lweNgcaciso luhlobo olusisiseko olwakha isiseko sezinye iimbono zonxibelelaniso. Icebisa ukuba abafundi bakhe ulwazi ngokutolika amava abo besebenzisa izakhono zabo zengqondo. Ukufunda yinkqubo esebenzayo apho abantu badibanisa ulwazi olutsha noko sele bekwazi. Umzekelo, umfundi oqondayo ukuphindaphinda unokusebenzisa oko kuqonda bala iipesenti.
I-Radical Constructivism ugxininisa ukuba ulwazi lwencwadi yesikhokelo lusenokungabi nantsingiselo njengolwakhiwo lolwazi ngamava obuqu. Olu hlobo lonxibelelaniso lucebisa ukuba ulwazi lwangaphambili lubalulekile ekuqondeni ulwazi olutsha, luqaqambisa unxulumano olunzulu phakathi komfundi ngamnye kunye neziqu zabo. inkqubo yokufunda.
I-Social Constructivism ijikeleza ingcamango yokuba oontanga kunye nabantu abakummandla kabani banempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yokufunda. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukusebenzisana noontanga, usapho, ootitshala nabalawuli kunempembelelo ngokuthe ngqo kwizinto ezenziwa ngumntu kwimeko yokufunda kwaye kunabele ngaphaya kwemfundo emiselweyo kumava obomi ohlukeneyo.
Ulwakhiwo lweNkcubeko umisa ukuba iimbono zomfundi ziphenjelelwa yinkcubeko nezithethe zendawo ebangqongileyo. Le theory icebisa ukuba ukuqonda komntu imvelaphi yenkcubeko inceda ekuchongeni imiba ebumba iimbono neembono zabo.
Ithiyori ye-Constructivism yokuFunda kwiiNqanaba ezi-5 eziLula
Ukufunda ngethiyori yonxibelelaniso kubandakanya amanqanaba amahlanu angundoqo anceda abafundi babambe ingqikelelo inyathelo nenyathelo:
Kwinqanaba lokuqala, elibizwa ngokuba “Zibandakanye,” utitshala uzama ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni na umfundi sele eyazi kwaye achonge naziphi na izikhewu kulwazi lwakhe.
Ukuqhubela phambili ukuya kwinqanaba elithi "Hlola", abafundi bangene ngenkuthalo kumbono omtsha ngamava ohlukeneyo okufunda. Basenokuxoxa noontanga babo baze baphawule ukuze baqonde ngcono.
Inqanaba elithi “Chaza” kulapho ootitshala bancedisa khona abafundi ekudibaniseni ulwazi olutsha baze baphendule nayiphi na imibuzo ukuze icace ngcono.
Kwinqanaba “Lokucacisa”, abafundi basebenzisa oko bakufundileyo, okubavumela ukuba bawuqonde nzulu lo mxholo.
Ekugqibeleni, kwisigaba “soVavanyo”. ootitshala bavavanya abafundi ukubona ukuba bayayibamba na imiba ephambili.
Ezi zigaba zintlanu zibalulekile kunxibelelaniso (constructivism) kuba zikhuthaza ukufunda ngentsebenziswano nokufunda ngokusebenzayo. Ngokusebenza kunye, abafundi banokucombulula ngempumelelo iingxaki kwaye baqonde iikhonsepthi ezintsha.
5 Izinto eziBalulekileyo zoKwakha
I-Constructivism, ithiyori malunga nendlela abantu abafunda ngayo, inemiba emihlanu ebalulekileyo enefuthe ekusetyenzisweni kwayo kubafundi.
Okokuqala, ijikeleza ingcamango yokuba ulwazi luyakhiwa. Ngamagama alula, oku kuthetha ukuba esikwaziyo kwakhelwe phezu koko sele sikwazi.
Okwesibini, ukufunda kuzotywe njengenkqubo esebenzayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abafundi abangobamkeli nje bolwazi kodwa bathatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo noontanga babo okanye nabahlohli ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokunxibelelana, ezinjengokuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo.
Abantu ngabanye bafunda njengoko behamba. Ingcamango nganye efunyenweyo yongezelela ekuqondeni kwabo, ifak’ isandla ekuqondweni kakuhle kweengcamango ezilandelayo.
Ukufunda kuthathwa njengomsebenzi wentlalo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abantu bafumana ulwazi kungekuphela nje ngokuzifundela kodwa nangokunxibelelana nabanye, nokuba ngabalingane, abafundisi-ntsapho okanye amalungu osapho.
Ukufunda kuxhomekeke kwiimeko. Abafundi babamba ulwazi olutsha ngokulunxulumanisa noko sele bekuqonda nabakukholelwayo, begxininisa ukubaluleka kokunxibelelanisa ulwazi olutsha neziseko ezikhoyo.
Ngaphezu koko, ulwazi lubonwa njengenkalo yobuqu. Kuba wonke umntu unamava awodwa kunye nolwazi lwangaphambili, inkqubo yokufunda iyahluka kumntu nomntu.
Okokugqibela, inkuthazo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufundeni. Ukuba abafundi abanayo inkuthazo, kuba ngumngeni kubo ukuba basebenzise amava abo angaphambili baze banxibelelane nolwazi olutsha. Inkuthazo ngamandla okuqhuba aphucula amava okufunda kwaye ikhuthaze ukusetyenziswa kolwazi olufunyenweyo.
Izinto eziluncedo kwiConstructivism
I-Constructivism, ithiyori yokufunda, iza nezinto ezininzi eziluncedo ezinegalelo kumava abandakanyayo nasebenzayo emfundo. Olunye uncedo oluphambili lusekukonwabeni okukuziselayo kwinkqubo yokufunda. Ngokungafaniyo neendlela zakwantu apho abafundi bafumana ulwazi nje, inkqubo yonxibelelaniso ivumela abafundi ukuba basebenzise amava abo ukwenza intsingiselo yolwazi olutsha.
Enye inzuzo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lokusombulula iingxaki kunye nezakhono zentlalo. Ngokusebenzisana nabahlohli, oontanga, okanye amalungu osapho, abafundi benza imisebenzi enentsingiselo eyandisa isakhono sabo sokusombulula iingxaki nokujonga iimeko zentlalo.
Ubunini bemfundo ngumba ongundoqo wonxibelelaniso. Abafundi bathatha uxanduva lwemfundo yabo njengoko isekelwe kwimibuzo yabo kunye nemigqaliselo. Le ndlela yokufundisa eyenzelwe wena ayenzi nje ukufunda kube nentsingiselo ngakumbi kodwa ikwanyusa amathuba okugcina nokusebenzisa ulwazi kwiimeko zobomi bokwenyani.
Ulwakhiwo lukwavusa umdla phakathi kwabafundi ngokunxibelelanisa imisebenzi yokufunda neemeko zehlabathi zokwenyani. Olu nxibelelwano lubakhuthaza ukuba babuze kwaye bacele umngeni kulwazi olukhoyo, ukukhuthaza ukuqonda okunzulu malunga nombandela.
Okokugqibela, inkqubo yonxibelelaniso ikhuthaza iyantlukwano ekufundeni. Ngokuvumela abafundi ukuba bazobe kumava abo kunye nemvelaphi yenkcubeko, kudala imeko yemfundo ebandakanyayo neguqukayo. Oku akuhloniphi kuphela ubuntu babafundi kodwa kukwatyebisa amava okufunda xa ewonke.
isiphelo
I-Constructivism yithiyori ebalulekileyo eyenza ukufunda kube mnandi kubafundi. Konke kumalunga nokubandakanyeka ekufundeni, nto leyo eyenza kube nomdla. Xa abafundi bethatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo, baqalisa ukucinga ngokunzulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba bafunda indlela yokusombulula iingxaki, eluncedo kakhulu kwihlabathi lokwenyani.
Ngokungafaniyo nokuhlala nje kunye nokuphulaphula, i-constructivism ivumela abafundi ukuba basebenzise oko sele bekwazi ukufunda izinto ezintsha. Kufana nokwakhela phezu koko baye bahlangabezana nako ngaphambili. Le ndlela yokufunda ibalulekile kuba ikhuthaza ukuyila, ukuhlalutya, nokuvavanya. Ijika amava okufunda ephela abe yinto epholileyo nenomtsalane.
Shiya iMpendulo