Ukulinganisa kubandakanya ukudibanisa izinto ezintsha kwinkqubo. Idla ngokuxutyushwa kumxholo “wokumfaniswa kwezithethe,” apho amaqela asuka kwamanye amazwe akhuthazwa ukuba amkele izithethe, imilinganiselo nemilinganiselo yentlalo yelizwe lawo. Oku kuquka ukuyeka okanye ukufihla iinkalo ezithile zesithethe sikabani, njengokutya okuthile, isinxibo, ulwimi nezithethe zonqulo, ezisenokuba aziqhelananga nolo hlanga.
Abaxhasi bokwenziwa baxoxa ngelithi kukhuthaza ukuzazisi okumanyeneyo ngakumbi ngokwenkcubeko, kunciphisa ungquzulwano lwenkcubeko, kwaye kubonelele abaphambukeli ngokwandiswa kwamathuba ezentlalo nezoqoqosho. Eli nqaku liphonononga iimodeli zethiyori yokulinganisa kwaye livavanya ukuba umlinganiso ujongeka njani ngokwemigaqo esebenzayo. Umbuzo ophambili oxutyushwayo kukuba ngaba abaxhasi bokulinganisa bachanekile ekuqinisekiseni izibonelelo zayo, okanye ukuba ukulinganisa kukhokelela kucalucalulo kunye nokukhukuliseka kweyantlukwano yenkcubeko.
Ukuqonda iTheory of Cultural Assimilation
Ingqikelelo yokufanisa inkcubeko ibikho okoko nje abantu befuduka besuka kwenye indawo besiya kwenye. Emva phayaa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, izazi ngezentlalo eUnited States zaqalisa ukwenza iithiyori malunga nokufanisa. UDkt Nicki Lisa Cole wachaza ezi ngcamango kwi- 2018 inqaku kwi ThoughtCo.
Kukho iimodeli ezintathu eziphambili zethiyori yokulinganisa, kwaye nganye ibonelela ngembono eyahlukileyo malunga nendlela iinkcubeko ezixuba ngayo kwaye zilungelelanise.
Imodeli yembiza enyibilikayo: yakudala kunye nentsha
Imodeli yokuqala ibona iUnited States njengembiza yokunyibilika, apho ukulinganisa kuyinkqubo yesinyathelo-nge-nyathelo. Ngokwale ngcamango, isizukulwana ngasinye sifana ngakumbi nenkcubeko elawulayo. Ngoxa abantwana babaphambukeli besenokubambelela kwizithethe zabazali babo, kubantwana babo nakwizizukulwana ezilandela emva kwabo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba bazityeshele ezinye iinkalo zenkcubeko yoomakhulu nootatomkhulu babo. Injongo yokugqibela kukuba wonke umntu kuluntu wabelana ngenkcubeko efanayo.
Nangona kunjalo, le ngcamango iye yajamelana nokugxekwa. Abanye abantu bayibiza ngokuba "yi-Anglo-conformist." Ikwasebenza kakuhle xa inkcubeko eyongamileyo icacile kwaye ichazwa ngokulula.
Ingxaki yobuhlanga/yobuzwe: Imiba ebalulekileyo
Enye ithiyori ijonga ukufana ngelensi yobuhlanga, ubuhlanga kunye nenkolo. Icebisa ukuba ukulinganisa akuyonkqubo yobungakanani obufanayo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwimvelaphi yomntu, basenokuba namava okulinganisa athambileyo, okanye banokujamelana nemingeni ngenxa yobuhlanga nokubukulwa kwabemi bamanye amazwe, ngakumbi kwabo basuka kwamanye amazwe abangengobaMhlophe.
Ukufunda nje ulwimi nokwamkela ezona zithethe zibalaseleyo kusenokunganelanga xa ucalucalulo lungumqobo obalulekileyo. Le nkcazo-bungcali igxininisa iziphumo zomntu kunye nezentlalo xa amanye amaqela enenzuzo ngelixa amanye ejongene nokungalunganga.
I-Assimilation eSegmented: Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zamaQela ahlukeneyo
Imodeli yokulinganisa ngokwahlukeneyo ixoxa ukuba amaqela ahlukeneyo abaphambukeli adibana kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu. Xa umntu efika kwilizwe elitsha, ukufikelela kwabo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo oluntu kuphenjelelwa zizinto ezifana nemeko yentlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho. Abanye abantu balandela imodeli yesiqhelo yokufanisa, ngokuthe ngcembe baba yinxalenye yesiqhelo.
Kwelinye icala, abanye basenokuzibandakanya kwiindawo ezihlelelekileyo ngokwezoqoqosho, benciphisa amathuba abo. Iingcali ngentlalontle zikwafunda indlela yesithathu, apho abantu begcina uninzi lwemilinganiselo yabo yenkcubeko ngelixa bexhamla ngempumelelo kwezoqoqosho. Abaphengululi abagxile kwimodeli ecandekileyo bahlala behlola amava abafuduki besizukulwana sesibini.
Funda kwakhona: Yintoni ubuzwe kunye nokuthanda izwe (iNationalism Vs Patriotism)
Ukulinganisa kubomi bemihla ngemihla
I-Assimilation yingcamango enzima njengoko ityhilwa yimodeli, kunye nenkqubo yendalo kubomi bokwenyani. Iyenzeka rhoqo njengoko abantu beqhelana nemekobume entsha, kwaye abantwana babo ngokwendalo baziqhelanisa neenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, imbali yokulinganisa ingcoliswe yimiba ekhathazayo.
Ukulinganisa okunyanzelwayo kuye kwanyanzeliswa kubemi bomthonyama kunye nabaphambukeli kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye oku kuqaqambisa icala elimnyama lale nto. Ukongeza, ukulinganisa kunxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo neengcinga zobuhlanga kunye nembono "yomnye." Imizekelo emibini ibonisa imiba engalunganga yokulinganisa:
1. ILifa eliMnyama leZikolo zokuHlala zaseKhanada
Xa abantu baseYurophu bahlala eCanada, ayekholelwa ukuba inkcubeko yawo igqwesile. Ngelinge "lokusindisa" kunye "nokuphucula" abantu boMthonyama, bamkela iprojekthi ephosakeleyo nemiphumo emibi. Ukuphefumlelwa eUnited States, inkqubo yesikolo yokuhlala yasekwa ngeminyaka yoo-1880 kwaye yenziwa isinyanzelo kubantwana boMthonyama ngo-1920, ibashiya bengenandlela yimbi.
Ingqiqo yayikukuba abantu bomthonyama kunye neKhanada banokuthi baphumelele ngokunyanzelwa kuphela. Izikolo zinyanzelise ukulinganisa ngokunyanzelisa isinxibo saseYurophu, ukucheba iinwele zabantwana, nokuvumela isiNgesi kuphela, ziqhawula amaqhina neentsapho nenkcubeko.
Abantwana baye baxhatshazwa emzimbeni, ngokweemvakalelo nangokomoya, kunye nokungondleki ngokwaneleyo nokunyanyekelwa kwempilo. Phakathi kowe-1883 nowe-1997, abantwana abangaphezu kwe-150,000 1996 bathatyathwa ngenkani kumakhaya abo. Isikolo sokugqibela sokuhlala savala iingcango zaso kuphela ngo-XNUMX, sishiya abasindileyo besazamana nomothuko.
Ngo-2015, ingxelo yokugqibela yeKomishoni yeNyaniso noXolelwaniso yaveza isigqibo esothusayo sokuba inkqubo yezikolo ezihlala abantu izamile “imbubhiso yenkcubeko,” nobungqina obubonisa ubunyani obumanyumnyezi bembubhiso yokoqobo, njengoko amangcwaba afunyanwa kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo. Ngo-2021, Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc First Nation kunikwe ingxelo malunga nama-200 eendawo zokungcwaba kwindawo eyayisakuba yiKamloops Indian Residential School, eziye zafunyanwa kwirada engena emhlabeni.
Iphulo laseKhanada lokulinganisa, elachazwa njengeliluncedo, endaweni yoko laphumela ekutshatyalalisweni kwenkcubeko yabemi boMthonyama, ukwenzakala, kunye nelahleko elusizi yobomi babantwana. Okwangoku, iCanada ijongene netyala lokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu.
2. Umnqa wamaAsia aseMelika eUnited States
Imbali yama-Asiya eMelika iveza intsomi entsonkothileyo yokulinganisa, ityhila umnqa eUnited States. Ngelixa ihlala inconywa "njengemodeli encinci," abantu base-Asiya baseMelika ngaxeshanye bajongana nokubizwa "njengabangenakufana."
Lo mnqa usukela emva kwinkulungwane ye-19 xa abaphambukeli baseTshayina, abafika ngeminyaka yee-1850, babecalulwe ngokunxamnye nama-Asiya. Babonwa njengabasebenzi abangabizi mali ininzi, bathatha iindima njengabagcini-zitiya, abasebenzi bempahla, kunye nabasebenzi bakaloliwe ngexesha lolwakhiwo lweTranscontinental Railroad. Ukungavisisani kuye kwanda, kwafikelela incopho kuMthetho wokuKhutshwa kwamaTshayina ka-1882, owabhangiswa kuphela ngumthetho iMagnuson Act ngo-1943, uvumela ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe okulinganiselweyo kwamaTshayina.
Kwintetho ka-2012 enesihloko esithi “Ama-Asiya eMelika: I-Paradox ye-'Modeli encinci' kunye 'noMphambukeli ongunaphakade,' ” UGqr. Min Zhou wabalaselisa iimbono ezingalunganga zabaphambukeli baseAsia ngaphambi kweWWII, ebachaza njengabaphambukeli “abanobuqhophololo” abanamasiko angawaqhelanga. Ucalucalulo lwaqina ngakumbi ngexesha leWWII, ngakumbi ngokuchasene namaJapan aseMelika, okukhokelela kwiinkampu zokuvalelwa. UGqr Zhou uchaza eli xesha njenge-genesis ye-"model minority" intsomi, njengoko abantu baseTshayina baseMelika bafuna ukuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kwabo kwi-US kunye nokuziqhelanisa namaJapan aseMelika.
Ngexesha lentshukumo yamalungelo oluntu, imodeli encinci intsomi yaqina, ibonakalisa abantu baseAsia baseMelika njengemizekelo yokwenziwa ngempumelelo. Noko ke, le mbono ayipheleli nje ngokwahlula amaqela amancinane kodwa ikwawenza abe lula amava awohlukeneyo abo bonke abemi beZiqithi zaseAsiya nabasePasifiki, ifihla ucalucalulo olungokwembali.
Iziganeko zamva nje, ezinje ngokuqhambuka kocalucalulo oluchasene ne-Asiya ngexesha lobhubhani we-COVID-19, ziwubhentsisile umda obuthathaka phakathi kokuba "yimodeli encinci" kunye nokubonwa "njengomphambukeli" ongapheliyo. Ngaphandle kokuthatha amanyathelo okulinganisa, abantu base-Asia baseMelika bayaqhubeka nokujongana nocalucalulo kunye nobundlobongela, bephakamisa imibuzo malunga nokusebenza kokulinganisa njengengcamango yoluntu.
Funda kwakhona: Yintoni iyantlukwano yenkcubeko kwaye kutheni ibalulekile?
I-Biculturalism Vs. Ukwenziwa kweNkcubeko
Xa inkcubeko eyongamileyo inyanzelisa wonke umntu ukuba ahambelane neendlela zayo, ukulinganisa kuba yimfuneko kwimpumelelo. Oku kubonakala kwiimeko zembali ezifana nezikolo ezihlala eCanada kunye namava abantu baseAsia baseMelika. Nangona kunjalo, ukulinganisa ngokupheleleyo ayisiyiyo kuphela inketho, kwaye akusoloko yeyona nto ilungileyo.
Ukwala ukuzibandakanya ngokupheleleyo kunokukhokelela ekubeni ube likheswa kunye nokuphoswa kwamathuba. Ngoko, ngaba kukho umgangatho ophakathi?
IPsychology Namhlanje ichaza iBiculturalism njengokudibanisa imvelaphi yenkcubeko yomntu namava obuqu. Kunokuba uzive uqhekekile phakathi kweenkcubeko ezimbini, kukuzixolelanisa. Uphando olwenziwe nguSeth Schwartz, unjingalwazi wezempilo yoluntu, lubonisa ukuba i-biculturalism inokukhokelela ekuzicingeni okuphezulu, ukuxhalaba okuncinci, kunye nobudlelwane obungcono bentsapho. Okubangela umdla kukuba, abantu abamkelwe ngokupheleleyo bahlala bejongana neziphumo ezibi kakhulu, into eyaziwa ngokuba “yingxaki yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe.”
Endaweni yokudibanisa ngokupheleleyo, abantu banokudibanisa imiba yeenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ukuze benze ubuntu obukhethekileyo nobanelisayo. Le ndlela ivumela abantu ukuba bagcine unxibelelwano kwilifa labo ngelixa besamkela amava amatsha.
isiphelo
Xa abantu becinga ngokufudukela kwinkcubeko entsha, abaninzi banokukhetha ukuba neenkcubeko ezimbini ukuba baziva bemkelwe. Noko ke, ezinye iindawo zisenokungabakhuthazi abaphambukeli ukuba bangazigcini izithethe zabo, okanye banemithetho ecacileyo ngoko kwamkelekileyo. Ilizwe lisenokukwamkela ukutya okutsha okuziswa ngabaphambukeli kodwa libe nemiqathango kuqheliselo lwabo lonqulo. Okukhona kukho imiqathango engakumbi, kokukhona abantu beziva bengamkelekanga kangako, nto leyo ebenza bangatyekeli kangako ekulondolozeni ubuntu babo ngokwenkcubeko. Phezu kwabo nje ucelomngeni, abanye basenokukufumanisa kulula ukulahla ubomi babo bangaphambili baze babambelele ngokupheleleyo.
Ukuze i-biculturalism iphumelele, amazwe kufuneka ayixhase ngenkuthalo. Oku kufuna ukuba kuqwalaselwe imiba efana nobuhlanga nokubukulwa kwabemi bamanye amazwe, kuqinisekiswe ukuba iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ziyabhiyozelwa endaweni yokuba zingasiwa so.
Iinkqubo zenkxaso kufuneka zisekwe ukuthintela iyantlukwano ngokwenkcubeko ekubeni ibe yimiqobo kwimpumelelo. Le ndlela yokufundisa ayipheleli nje ekubeni negalelo kulonwabo nakwintlalo-ntle yabantu kodwa ikwakhuthaza iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo nezityebisayo ngomlinganiselo obanzi. Ekugqibeleni, ukwamkela i-biculturalism ngabom kudala uluntu apho abantu abavela kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo banokuhlalisana ngoxolo, bekhuthaza uluntu olunempilo noludlamkileyo.
Shiya iMpendulo