Ukuqalisa umsebenzi wolawulo lweshishini okanye ngoku ubhalise kwinkqubo yeshishini? Ukwazi iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula iprojekthi kunokwenza uhambo lwakho lube lula. Ezi ndlela azigcini nje kuphela ixesha kodwa zikwaphucula amandla akho okuphatha iiprojekthi zomsebenzi ngempumelelo. Kwesi sikhokelo, siza kuphonononga iindlela ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lweeprojekthi, sikwenza ukuba ukhethe eyona ikufaneleyo.
Ukuqonda iindlela zolawulo lweprojekthi kubalulekile kwabo bajonge ikhondo lomsebenzi wolawulo lweshishini okanye ngoku ababhalise kwinkqubo yoshishino. Kumalunga nokugqiba nje iiprojekthi; imalunga nokuyenza ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokufunda ezi ndlela, awugcini nje ixesha kodwa uqinisekisa ukuba iiprojekthi zakho ezinxulumene nomsebenzi ziqhutywa ngokufanelekileyo. Makhe sihlolisise iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula iprojekthi ukukunceda ekukhetheni leyo ehambelana nezinto ozikhethayo kunye neenjongo.
Imiba ebalulekileyo yoLawulo lweProjekthi
Ulawulo lweprojekthi lubandakanya izinto ezintlanu ezibalulekileyo ezinegalelo kwimpumelelo yayo. La macandelo abalulekileyo aqinisekisa ukuba iprojekthi icwangciswe kakuhle, yenziwe ngokufanelekileyo, ibekwe iliso ngokufanelekileyo, imingcipheko ilawulwa, kwaye unxibelelwano lugcinwe kulo lonke. Nalu ulwahlulo lwezi zinto zibalulekileyo:
1. Ukucwangcisa: Inyathelo lokuqala kulawulo lweprojekthi kukwenza isicwangciso esineenkcukacha. Esi sicwangciso kufuneka sibandakanye umda weprojekthi, iinjongo, amaxesha, izixhobo kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Kubalulekile ukuhlaziya rhoqo kwaye uphonononge isicwangciso ukuqinisekisa ukuba iprojekthi ihlala isendleleni.
2. Ukuphunyezwa: Xa isicwangciso senziwe, isigaba esilandelayo sibandakanya ukusisebenzisa. Abaphathi beeprojekthi kufuneka bajonge ukugqitywa kwemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo echazwe kwisicwangciso sokuqinisekisa ukuba iprojekthi iqhubela phambili njengoko bekucetyiwe.
3. Ukubeka iliso kunye noLawulo: Abaphathi beeprojekthi badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulandeleni inkqubela yeprojekthi. Kufuneka bachonge nayiphi na imiba evelayo kwaye benze uhlengahlengiso oluyimfuneko ukuze bagcine yonke into isendleleni. Iimpawu zokusebenza eziphambili (ii-KPIs) zizixhobo ezixabisekileyo zokubeka iliso nokulawula iprojekthi.
4. Ulawulo lomngcipheko: Uninzi lweeprojekthi zijongene nokungaqiniseki, kwaye ulawulo lweprojekthi olusebenzayo lubandakanya ukuchonga kunye nokunciphisa imingcipheko. Ngokulungisa imiba enokubakho ngaphambi kokuba inyuke, abaphathi beprojekthi banokukhusela impumelelo yeprojekthi.
5. Unxibelelwano: Unxibelelwano oluvulekileyo lubalulekile kuyo yonke iprojekthi. Abaphathi beeprojekthi kufuneka bahlaziye rhoqo abachaphazelekayo ngenkqubela yeprojekthi, bekhuthaza imeko yentsebenziswano kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unolwazi.
Ngokujolisa kwezi ngongoma zintlanu zingundoqo, abaphathi beprojekthi baphucula ukubakho kokugqiba ngempumelelo iiprojekthi, iinjongo zentlanganiso, kunye nokwanelisa abachaphazelekayo.
Iindlela zoLawulo lweeProjekthi
1. Indlela yeengxangxasi
Abafundi abaninzi kunye nabaphathi beeprojekthi bafuna indlela elula, inyathelo ngenyathelo lokulawula iiprojekthi zabo. Ukuba ungumntu othanda iindlela ezicacileyo nezithe ngqo, indlela yeengxangxasi inokuba yile nto uyifunayo. Igama elithi “ingxangxasi” ngokwalo libonisa ukuhla kwenkqubo, apho isigaba ngasinye siqaliswa kwaye sigqitywe phambi kokuba sidlulele kwesinye. Le ndlela isebenza ngokukodwa kwiiprojekthi zokuvelisa kunye nokwakha. Inokuba luncedo kubafundi kunye nabaphandi abaqokelela kwaye bahlalutye idatha ngeenjongo zemfundo.
Indlela yeengxangxasi yenye yeendlela zolawulo lweprojekthi apho kufuneka ulandele indlela emiselweyo, uqinisekise ukuba isigaba ngasinye sigqityiwe phambi kokuba udlulele kwelinye. Esi sakhiwo silungelelanisiweyo senza kube lula ukulandela inkqubela phambili kwaye sinciphise amathuba okuba izinto zibe nzima kakhulu. Nokuba wakha isakhiwo okanye uqhuba uphando lwezemfundo, indlela yendlela yeengxangxasi ibonelela ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuhamba kwiprojekthi yakho, iyenza ibe lolona khetho lubalaseleyo kwabo bakhetha indlela ethe ngqo nengqamene yolawulo lweprojekthi.
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2. Indlela yeNdlela ePhambili (CPM)
Indlela engundoqo yeNdlela (CPM) sisixhobo esiluncedo solawulo lweprojekthi esinceda abaphathi baqonde kwaye bacwangcise imisebenzi kwiprojekthi. Ibenza bakwazi ukuchonga yonke imisebenzi kwaye bafumanise ukuba ishedyuli ibhetyebhetye kangakanani kulowo nalowo. Nge-CPM, abaphathi benza indlela ebaluleke kakhulu, eyona ndlela ide kakhulu yemisebenzi efunekayo ukugqiba iprojekthi ngexesha.
Le ndlela isebenza ngokukodwa kwiiprojekthi ezincinci ukuya kweziphakathi. Yenza lula inkqubo yokulungelelanisa kunye nokucwangcisa imisebenzi, ukubonelela ngemephu yendlela ecacileyo yexesha leprojekthi. Ngokugxininisa kwindlela ebalulekileyo, abaphathi banokubeka phambili imisebenzi kwaye baqinisekise ukuba iprojekthi ihlala kwishedyuli.
Ngokwenyani, iNdlela yeNdlela ePhambili ilungelelanisa ulawulo lweprojekthi ngokunika indlela ethe ngqo yokucwangcisa umsebenzi kunye nokucwangcisa. Sisixhobo esixabisekileyo sokuqinisekisa ukugqitywa kweprojekthi ngokufanelekileyo nangexesha, ngakumbi kwimeko yemizamo emincinci kunye nephakathi.
3. I-Agile Methodology
Kumsebenzi weqela, indlela ye-agile yindlela eluncedo yokufikelela kwiinjongo eziphambili zeprojekthi. I-Agile igxile ekusebenzeni kunye, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba umthengi uyonwabile. Oku kunceda ekutshintsheni izicwangciso kunye nokuba ngcono kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu abalandela le ndlela bahlula iprojekthi ibe ngamacandelo amancinci abizwa ngokuba yi-sprints. Basebenzisa ingxelo rhoqo ukwenza imveliso ibengcono.
Agile ifana nesikhokelo esiluncedo kumaqela. Ibabonisa indlela yokusebenzisana kakuhle kunye nokulungela utshintsho. Yiba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wakho ukuhambo, kwaye endaweni yokucwangcisa lonke uhambo ngaxeshanye, ulucwangcise kancinci kancinci. Ngale ndlela, ukuba kwenzeka into engalindelekanga, unokuhlengahlengisa izicwangciso zakho ngokulula.
Ngokukhawuleza, amaqela anokuba nobuchule ngakumbi kwaye enze izinto zibe ngcono ngenyathelo. Kufana nokwakha iphazili. Uqala ngamaqhekeza amancinane, uwadibanise, yaye kungekudala unomfanekiso opheleleyo. Indlela ekhawulezayo ifana nokubeka iphazili yeprojekthi kunye, isiqwenga esinye ngexesha, ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke into ingena ngokufanelekileyo.
4. Indlela yeSkram
Indlela yeSkram yindlela yokulawula iiprojekthi ezilandela ezinye zeengcamango eziphambili zeendlela ezikhawulezayo. Ngokufana nendlela ye-agile, iScrum ibeka ugxininiso oluqinileyo ekusebenzeni kweqela kunye nentsebenziswano. Njengakwixesha elide, abantu abasebenzisa iScrum baphula imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kwiprojekthi ibe ziindawo ezincinci, ezilawulekayo. Nangona kunjalo, iScrum siyilelwe amaqela amancinane, aquka ukuya kuthi ga kwishumi lamalungu.
KwiSkram, la maqela alungiselela iintlanganiso ezimfutshane, ezaziwa ngokuba ziintlanganiso zesikram, yonke imihla okanye ngeveki ukuvavanya ukuba aqhuba kakuhle kangakanani na ngomsebenzi wawo. Ezi ntlanganiso zinceda amalungu eqela ukuba ahlale kwiphepha elinye kwaye ajongane nayo nayiphi na imingeni anokuthi ajongane nayo. Ngokwamkela indlela yeSkram, amaqela ajolise ekuphuculeni unxibelelwano, ukwandisa ukuguquguquka, kunye nokubonelela ngeziphumo zeprojekthi ngokufanelekileyo.
5. Indlela yeKanban
Indlela yeKanban ifanelekile kwiiprojekthi ezifuna umfanekiso ocacileyo. Ngale ndlela, abaphathi beprojekthi banokubona yonke imisebenzi kwiprojekthi kwaye baququzelele indlela umsebenzi ofanele uhambe ngayo. Basebenzisa amakhadi okanye amanqaku ancangathi ukulandela indlela isigaba ngasinye esiqhuba ngayo. Indlela yokujonga ye-Kanban ilungile ekususeni naziphi na iingxaki okanye iinzame ezimoshekileyo kwiprojekthi.
Endaweni yenkqubo enzima, uKanban ugcina izinto ngokuthe ngqo. Kufana nokuba nebhodi enamakhadi omsebenzi ngamnye, kwaye ungawajikeleza ukuze ubonise apho ziphi na izinto. Ngale ndlela, wonke umntu kwiqela uyayazi into ekufuneka yenziwe kwaye yintoni esele igqityiwe. Yindlela elula kodwa enamandla yokulawula iiprojekthi kwaye uqinisekise ukuba yonke into ihamba kakuhle.
6. PRINCE2 Indlela
Indlela yePRINCE2 sisixhobo esiluncedo sokulawula iiprojekthi apho isigaba ngasinye sifuna ukuvunywa phambi kokuba sidlulele kwesinye. Abasebenzisi bale ndlela bahlulahlula iprojekthi ngokwezigaba, kwaye inqanaba ngalinye linokufuna imvume ngaphambi kokuqhubela phambili. Phambi kokuba kuqalwe isigaba esilandelayo, kuyathethwana nabo abachaphazelekayo kwaye kufunyenwe imvume yabo.
Ngendlela elula, i-PRINCE2 yindlela yokulungelelanisa nokulawula iiprojekthi ngesinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Khawufane ucinge ukwakha indlu – ubungeke uqalise ukubeka iindonga phambi kokuqinisekisa ukuba isiseko siqinile, akunjalo? I-PRINCE2 ilandela ingqiqo efanayo kuyo nayiphi na iprojekthi. Yahlula yonke iprojekthi ibe ngamacandelo amancinci, iqinisekisa ukuba yonke into ivunyiwe kwaye ilungile ukuba ihambe ngaphambi kokuqhubela phambili. Oku kunceda ukugcina izinto zicwangcisiwe kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu obandakanyekayo, njengabantu abaxhasa ngemali iprojekthi kunye nabo benza umsebenzi, bayavumelana ngenyathelo ngalinye.
Ke, ukuba ufuna indlela ecacileyo nelungelelanisiweyo yokulawula iiprojekthi zakho, i-PRINCE2 lukhetho olukhulu phakathi kwezinye iindlela zolawulo lweprojekthi. Kufana nokuba nemephu yendlela – uyazi apho uya khona, kwaye uyaqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ukhwele phambi kokuba uye kwisikhululo esilandelayo.
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Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeSimbo soLawulo lweProjekthi
Ulawulo lweprojekthi lubandakanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusingatha imisebenzi ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokufezekisa iinjongo. Nazi iindidi ezine zolawulo lweprojekthi:
Ulawulo lweProjekthi yesiNtu
Ulawulo lweprojekthi yemveli yindlela yakudala yokusebenza kwiiprojekthi. Ngale ndlela, imisebenzi yenziwa enye emva kwenye ngokulandelelana okuthe ngqo. Iyafana namanyathelo alandelayo kwiresiphi. Abantu basebenzisa le ndlela ukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi ngamnye ugqityiwe ngaphambi kokuba baqalise olandelayo. Kufana nokwakha indlu uze ubeke isiseko ngaphambi kokuba umise iindonga.
Le ndlela igxile kakhulu ekucwangciseni nasekugcineni iirekhodi. Kuthetha ukuba yonke into kufuneka icingelwe ngononophelo kwaye ibhalwe phantsi ngaphambi kokuba iqale. Oku kunokunciphisa iprojekthi kuba kufuneka ibambelele kwisicwangciso, nokuba izinto ziyatshintsha.
Lilonke, ulawulo lweprojekthi yemveli lumalunga nokwenza izinto ngendlela ebekiweyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba yonke into icwangcisiwe kwaye ibhalwe phambi kokuba uqalise.
Management Agile Project
Ulawulo lweProjekthi ye-Agile yindlela yokusebenza kunye kwiiprojekthi. Inceda ukudala umoya weqela ekulawuleni iiprojekthi. Esikhundleni sokwenza yonke into ngexesha elinye, i-Agile iphula imisebenzi ibe ngamacandelo amancinci. La malungu mancinane anikwa amalungu eqela ahlukeneyo ukuba asebenze. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuphatha nokugqiba imisebenzi.
Kulawulo lweprojekthi yemveli, yonke into icwangciswe ekuqaleni, kwaye isicwangciso silandelwa isinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Kodwa kwi-Agile, isicwangciso sinokutshintsha njengoko iprojekthi iqhubeka. Ivumela ukuguquguquka kunye nohlengahlengiso ngokusekelwe kwinto eyenzekayo ngexesha leprojekthi.
I-Agile ifana nokwakha ngezitena zeLego. Ilungu ngalinye leqela lifumana isiqwenga esithile seLego (umsebenzi), kwaye kunye bakha iprojekthi. Ukuba bafuna ukutshintsha into, banokuhlengahlengisa ngokulula iziqwenga zeLego. Ngale ndlela, iqela linokulungelelanisa kwaye lenze uphuculo kuyo yonke iprojekthi. I-Agile yindlela eguquguqukayo kunye nentsebenziswano yokulawula iiprojekthi.
Funda uLawulo lweProjekthi
Ehlabathini lolawulo lweprojekthi enqabileyo, injongo ephambili kukusika amanyathelo angeyomfuneko kunye nokunyusa imveliso. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukusebenzisa idatha ukwenza izigqibo ezihlakaniphile kwaye uhlala ufumana iindlela zokwenza iinkqubo zibe lula, ukunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nokugcina imali.
Ulawulo lweprojekthi olubhityileyo lumalunga nokwenza izinto ngeyona ndlela isebenzayo. Abaphathi kule nkqubo basebenza nzima ukususa naziphi na iindawo ezingeyomfuneko zeprojekthi ezingongezi xabiso. Basebenzisa idatha ukukhokela ukhetho lwabo kwaye bahlala bekhangela iindlela zokwenza izinto zibe lula kwaye zingabikho inkcitho.
Ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo yinxalenye ephambili yolawulo lweprojekthi engenamandla. Endaweni yokubambelela kwiindlela zakudala zokwenza izinto, abaphathi bahlala bejonge iindlela ezingcono. Ngokujolisa ekusebenzeni kakuhle kunye nokunqanda inkunkuma, ulawulo lweprojekthi oluthambileyo lunceda amaqela asebenze ngobukrelekrele, hayi nzima. Isiphumo yinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo eyenza umsebenzi wenziwe ngokukhawuleza kunye nezibonelelo ezimbalwa.
Ulawulo lweProjekthi eHlutyiweyo
Ulawulo lweprojekthi yeHybrid yindlela ethatha eyona miba ilungileyo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye idibanise ukwenza indlela yobuqu. Abantu abasebenzisa le ndlela banokuxuba inyathelo-nge-nyathelo lokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nokugxilwa kweqela le-agile ukujongana neemfuno ezithile.
Ngamagama alula, ulawulo lweprojekthi ye-hybrid lufana nokwenza iresiphi ekhethekileyo ngokukhetha ezona zithako zimnandi kwizitya ezahlukeneyo. Khawufane ucinge ukwenza ikhekhe apho ukhetha ezona ndawo zilungileyo zeresiphi yetshokholethi kwaye uzidibanise nezinto ezimnandi zeresiphi ye-vanilla. Ngokufanayo, ulawulo lweprojekthi ye-hybrid ludibanisa amandla eendlela ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lweprojekthi ukwenza indlela ekhethekileyo nesebenzayo.
Ngokomzekelo, kuthatha ubume obucwangcisiweyo kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwendlela ye-waterfall kwaye idibanise kunye nokuguquguquka kunye nentsebenziswano yendlela ye-agile. Ngale ndlela, amaqela angasebenza kunye ngokutyibilikayo kwaye alandele isicwangciso esicacileyo ngaxeshanye. Ulawulo lweprojekthi yeHybrid lumalunga nokufumana umxube ochanekileyo wokufikelela impumelelo ngendlela ehambelana neemfuno ezithile zeprojekthi.
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Iimodeli zoMjikelo woBomi woLawulo lweProjekthi
Ulawulo lweprojekthi lubandakanya ukusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhokela iprojekthi ukusuka ekuqalisweni kwayo ukuya ekugqityweni kwayo. Kukho iimodeli ezingundoqo ezintlanu zomjikelezo weprojekthi ezingasetyenziselwa le njongo. Kwiindawo zangaphambili zeli nqaku, sihlolisise iimodeli ezimbini zokuqala: imodeli ye-waterfall kunye nemodeli ye-agile. Ngoku, makhe sijonge kwiimodeli ezintathu eziseleyo:
- Imodeli ye-V: Lo mzekelo uguquko lwemodeli yeengxangxasi. Ilandela indlela yesinyathelo-nge-nyathelo yokugqiba iprojekthi kodwa yazisa isigaba sokuvavanya emva komsebenzi ngamnye ngaphambi kokudlulela kwelinye. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba icandelo ngalinye livavanywa ngocoselelo phambi kokuba liqhubele phambili.
- Imodeli eSpiral: Ukudibanisa izinto zombini kunye neemodeli ze-agile, imodeli ye-spiral yenza ukuba abaphathi bahlule iprojekthi ibe yimisebenzi emincinci elandela ulandelelwano oluthile. Le ndlela yokuphindaphinda ivumela ukuguquguquka kunye nohlengahlengiso njengoko lufuneka kumjikelo wobomi beprojekthi.
- Imodeli eHybrid: Imodeli engumxube ibonelela ngokuguquguquka ngokuvumela abaphathi ukuba balungelelanise indlela yabo kwiimfuno ezizodwa zeprojekthi. Kwimeko yemodeli ephezulu yomxube, izinto ezivela kuzo zonke ezinye iimodeli zinokudityaniswa ukujongana neemfuno zeprojekthi ngokufanelekileyo.
Uhambo loLawulo lweProjekthi
Iprojekthi nganye ihamba ngohambo olubandakanya amanyathelo amane aphambili ngaphambi kokuba ilungele abanini okanye abachaphazelekayo. Masiphonononge inyathelo ngalinye:
1. Ukuqalisa iProjekthi: Isigaba sokuqala sibizwa ngokuba sisigaba sokwaluka. Kulapho iprojekthi iqala khona, kunye nombono oqhubekayo. Ngeli nqanaba, iinjongo zeprojekthi, ububanzi, kunye nezithintelo zichazwe.
2. Isicwangciso seMpumelelo: Okulandelayo kuza isigaba sokucwangcisa. Apha, ububanzi beprojekthi kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali luchazwe ngononophelo. Yicinge njengokwenza imephu yendlela ukuze iprojekthi ilandele. Eli nyathelo liqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu uyayazi into ekufuneka yenziwe kwaye iya kubiza malini.
3. Ukwenza Izinto: Inqanaba lokwenziwa kulapho owona msebenzi wenziwa khona. Oku kuxa izicwangciso zezigaba ezidlulileyo zisetyenziswa. Kufana nenqanaba lokwakha indlu - abakhi baqala ukwakha ngokusekelwe kwizicwangciso zomakhi.
4. Ukusonga: Isigaba sokugqibela sisigaba sokuvala. Oku kuxa iprojekthi egqityiweyo inikezelwa kwabo bachaphazelekayo. Kufana nokugqiba incwadi uze uyidlulisele komnye umntu ukuba ayifunde – iprojekthi igqityiwe, kwaye ngoku lixesha lokuba abanye baxhamle kulo msebenzi unzima.
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