Isigqebelo sisixhobo esisetyenziswa ngababhali ukubonisa umahluko phakathi kwento esilindele ukuba yenzeke kunye neyenzeka ngokwenene ebalini. Kukho ubukhulu becala iindidi ezintathu zesigqebelo: idrama, imeko, kunye nentetho.
Isigqebelo sedrama sibakho xa abaphulaphuli besazi into abangayaziyo ngabalinganiswa ebalini. Idala intandabuzo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha uburharha kuba sizibona izinto ezenzekayo ngokwahlukileyo kubalinganiswa.
Isigqebelo semeko senzeka xa kukho umahluko phakathi kwento esilindele ukuba yenzeke kunye neyenzeka ngokwenene. Olu hlobo lwesigqebelo lungothusa kwaye lubandakanye abaphulaphuli ngokuguqulela ibali kumacala angalindelekanga.
Impoxo yamazwi ibandakanya umahluko phakathi kwento ethethwayo nethethwayo. Kudla ngokwenzeka xa umntu ethetha into echaseneyo neyona nto ayithethayo, njengokuphoxa okanye intetho echuliweyo.
Kumabali, isigqebelo songeza ubunzulu kunye nomdla, nto leyo eyenza abaphulaphuli bacinge ngakumbi ngabalinganiswa kunye nesakhiwo sebali. Yindlela yokuba ababhali badlale ngokulindelekileyo kwaye basigcine sinomdla kwiziganeko ezenzekayo.
Yintoni i-Irony?
I-irony sisixhobo sokubalisa amabali esidlala nomahluko phakathi kwento esiyilindeleyo kunye nento eyenzekayo ngokwenene. Ababhali kunye nezithethi zisebenzisa isigqebelo ukwenza izinto zihlekise, zenze ukuthandabuza, okanye zibeke iliso kwinto ebalulekileyo. Isebenza ngokubonisa ukungahambelani phakathi kwento eyenzekayo kunye noko besicinga ukuba kuya kwenzeka. Oku kungafaniyo kunokutsalela ingqalelo kwinxalenye yebali, ubuntu bomlinganiswa, okanye umxholo jikelele.
Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni ulindele into enye ebalini, kodwa kwenzeka okwahlukileyo koko, ikwenza uhleke okanye ikugcine ecaleni kwesihlalo sakho. Olo jiko lungalindelekanga okanye ukuchasana koko kwenza isigqebelo sibe nomdla. Yongeza ubunzulu kwiploti, ityhila ngakumbi ngabalinganiswa, kwaye incede ekudluliseleni iingcamango eziphambili ngendlela enamandla. Ke, xa udibana nempoxo kwincwadi, imuvi, okanye incoko, khumbula oko kufana nesimangaliso esikunceda ukubalisa ibali elingcono, elibandakanya ngakumbi.
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Imbali ye-Arony?
Nangona u-Alanis Morissette wenza i-irony eyaziwayo, akazange eze nayo. Imbeko yaloo nto iya kumlinganiswa ongumGrike ogama linguEiron, umntu ophantsi owasebenzisa ngobukrelekrele ukodlula abanye. Oku kwazala ibinzana lesiGrike elithi “eironeía,” elithetha ‘ukuchaphazeleka ngenjongo yokungabi nalwazi.’ Kamva, langena kwisiLatini ngokuthi “ironia,” ekugqibeleni laba sisafobe sesiNgesi esasisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngenkulungwane ye-16.
Kuncwadi, isigqebelo sisebenza njengomyalezo oyimfihlo osuka kumbhali oya kumfundi, wongeza iileya ezifihlakeleyo zentsingiselo noburharha. Iza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, njenge-rony yemeko, apho iziphumo ziphikisana nolindelo, njengesikhululo somlilo esibamba umlilo-iqhinga elimangalisayo. Kukwakho isigqebelo esimangalisayo, apho abaphulaphuli beyazi into abangayaziyo ngabalinganiswa, kudala uxinezeleko olubonakalayo. Kwaye masingayihoyi impoxo yamazwi, apho amagama athethwayo ephikisana ngobuchule nentsingiselo ecetywayo, ehlala egxininiswe kukuphoxa okanye ukukhalipha.
Isigqebelo singaphaya kokungqubana nje kolindelo nenyani; sisixhobo esiphucukileyo esisetyenziswa ngababhali ukufaka ubunzulu, uburharha, kunye nokujija okungalindelekanga kumabali abo. Njengesiqholo soncwadi, isigqebelo sinamandla okuguqula ibali elilula libe sisidlo esimnandi sengqondo.
Ukuqonda Iindidi eziNtathu ze-irony
I-irony yongeza i-twist enomdla kumabali kunye neencoko. Zintathu iindidi eziphambili zesigqebelo esinokuphonononga ukuze sisibambe ngcono esi sixhobo soncwadi.
1. Isigqebelo esimangalisayo
Isigqebelo sedrama, esikwabizwa ngokuba sisigqebelo esilusizi, senzeka xa abaphulaphuli besazi into ebalulekileyo abangayaziyo abalinganiswa abaphambili ebalini. Ngokomzekelo, kumdlalo kaWilliam Shakespeare othi "Othello" ukusuka kwi-1603, u-Othello uthemba u-Iago, kodwa abaphulaphuli bayazi ukuba u-Iago uyakhohlisa. Omnye umzekelo ufumaneka kwi Intlekele yamaGrike "Oedipus Rex" nguSophocles, ukususela malunga nowama-429 BCE. Kweli bali, abaphulaphuli sele besazi ngekamva elibuhlungu lomlinganiswa ophambili ngaphambi kokuba azifumanele yena.
Ngamagama alula, isigqebelo esimangalisayo sifana nemfihlelo egcinwe ngabaphulaphuli, ukubukela njengoko abalinganiswa behlala bengazi ngolwazi olubalulekileyo. Esi sixhobo soncwadi songeza intandabuzo nobunzulu beploti, senza ukuba abaphulaphuli babandakanyeke ngakumbi njengoko belindele ukuba abalinganiswa baya kusabela njani xa ekugqibeleni befumanisa inyaniso.
2. Isigqebelo semeko
Isigqebelo semeko senzeka xa izinto zingahambi ngendlela ebesilindele ngayo. Thatha, umzekelo, ibali elidumileyo ngu O. Henry, “Isipho seZazi” (1905). Kweli bali, umfazi ugqiba kwelokuba athengise iinwele zakhe ezinde ukuze athenge ikhonkco lewotshi exabisekileyo yomyeni wakhe. Kwangaxeshanye, umyeni wakhe uthengisa iwotshi yakhe ukuze amfumanele ikama leenwele zakhe. Inxalenye emangalisayo kukuba akukho namnye kubo olindele ukuba izipho zabo ezicingayo ziya kujongelwa phantsi zizenzo zomnye. Olu tshintsho lungalindelekanga lweziganeko ludala isigqebelo seemeko.
Uhlobo olukhethekileyo lwe-rony yemeko yi-irony ye-cosmic, etyhila ukungahambelani phakathi kwehlabathi eligqibeleleyo, lethiyori kunye nenyani yemihla ngemihla. Kufana naxa izinto zibonakala zilungelelaniswa ngokugqibeleleyo kwithiyori, kodwa kubomi bokwenyani, zithatha inguqu engaqhelekanga nengalindelekanga. Ukuqonda isigqebelo semeko yongeza umaleko owongezelelweyo wokonwaba kumabali, njengoko sifunda ukulindela into engalindelekanga.
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3. Ukuphoxwa ngamazwi
Isigqebelo samazwi siyenzeka xa umntu ethetha into ethile, kodwa amazwi akhe awahambelani nentsingiselo yawo yokwenyani. Kwenzeka xa isithethi sichaza into enye ngelixa eneneni sinenjongo eyahlukileyo. Oku kudala imeko ehlekisayo okanye ephikisanayo, njengoko kukho ukungqubana phakathi kwento abayithethayo kunye nento abayithethayo.
Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zesigqebelo somlomo: ukugqithisela kunye nokubeka phantsi. Ukubaxa izinto kubandakanya ukuzibaxa izinto, ngoxa ukuthetha ngaphantsi kujongela phantsi ukubaluleka kwemeko. Olunye uhlobo lwempoxo yamazwi sisigqebelo sikaSocrates, apho umntu enze ngathi akayazi into ukuze enze abanye baphikise iingongoma zabo.
Umzekelo odumileyo wokuphoxa ngomlomo unokufumaneka kwisincoko esihlekisayo sikaJonathan Swift, "Isindululo esithobekileyo" (1729). Kulo msebenzi, u-Swift uxoxa ngomcimbi onzima, kodwa isindululo asinikezelayo sigqithise kangangokuba kuyacaca ukuba usebenzisa isigqebelo ukugxeka izimo zengqondo ezixhaphakileyo zexesha lakhe. Isigqebelo samazwi songeza ubunzulu noburharha kunxibelelwano ngokudlala ngomsantsa phakathi kwento ethethwayo kunye nentsingiselo yokwenene.
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