Izifundo zophando zihlala zisetyenziswa ngabaphandi, iingcali ngezoqoqosho, kunye nabanye ukufumana iimpendulo kwimibuzo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Ezi zifundo zigubungela uluhlu olubanzi lwezihloko, ezinjengokuphonononga iminyaka emininzi yolwazi lwemozulu ukunceda ngolondolozo okanye ukudala imibono emitsha kwengqondo. Kwesi sikhokelo, uya kufumana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesifundo sesifundo, izinto eziluncedo zazo, kunye nemizekelo yezifundo eziye zayimpumelelo.
Izifundo ezingumzekelo zifana namabali anenkcukacha anceda iingcaphephe ukuba ziqonde iimeko zokwenyani ngcono. Ziluncedo kwiindawo ezininzi, njengokukhangela indlela yokukhusela okusingqongileyo okanye ukuza neembono ezintsha kwicandelo lezengqondo. Ngokujonga imizekelo eyahlukeneyo yeemeko zezifundo, unokufunda malunga neendlela ezahlukeneyo iingcali ezisebenzisa le ndlela ukufunda nokwenza inkqubela kumsebenzi wazo.
Ke, ukuba unomdla malunga nokuba zisetyenziswa njani na izifundo zenzululwazi kunye neengcinga, esi sikhokelo siya kukunika umbono olula kwaye ekulula ukuwuqonda.
Yintoni i-Case Study?
I-case study luvavanyo oluneenkcukacha lwesifundo esithile, esidla ngokubandakanya iiseti zamanani aqokelelweyo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Abaphandi basebenzisa le ndlela ukufikelela kwizigqibo ezifanelekileyo kwihlabathi lenene. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, uphononongo lwezifundo luye lwaphucula kakhulu ukuqonda kwethu okubanzi kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo efana iyeza, inzululwazi yezopolitiko nezentlalo, kunye nezoqoqosho.
Kwezi zifundo, abaphandi baphanda ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nesihloko esisembindini. Oku kunokubandakanya ukufunda indlela umntu asabela ngayo kumayeza, ukuqonda indlela ilizwe elisabela ngayo kubunzima bezoqoqosho, okanye ukuphonononga impembelelo yezibulali-zinambuzane kwizityalo ixesha elide.
Izifundo zophando zixhomekeke kakhulu ekuqokeleleni idatha nasekuqhubeni uphando olusemgangathweni ukujongana neengqikelelo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Lilonke, le ndlela ibonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo kwiimeko ezinzima zehlabathi lokwenyani, igalelo ekuqhubeleni phambili kolwazi izifundo ezininzi.
Izinto eziluncedo kwi-Case Studies
I-Case studies ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi ezibenza zibe sisixhobo sophando esixabisekileyo. Nazi iingenelo ezine eziphambili ezichazwe ngamagama alula:
1. Ukuqokelela ubutyebi boLwazi:
Uphononongo olungumzekelo lufana nobutyebi bedatha. Ikunceda uqokelele isixa esikhulu solwazi malunga nesifundo sakho, ukwenza uphando lwakho lusekelwe ngakumbi kwihlabathi lokwenyani. Umzekelo, ukuba uqhuba uphononongo olunxulumene neshishini, unokuphengulula kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo yedatha efana neengxelo zeendleko, iingxelo zengeniso nelahleko, kunye neerekhodi zokugcina abathengi. Le datha yahlukeneyo ikuvumela ukuba wenze izigqibo kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo, ukongeza ubunzulu kulwazi lwakho lokwenyani.
2. Ukuqhuba iziFundo Naphi na:
Inye into entle malunga nezifundo zamatyala kukuba awudingi ilebhu entle ukuze uzenze. Abaphandi basoloko besebenzisa le ndlela yokufundisa ukufunda izinto ezingenako ukuphinda-phinda kwindawo elawulwa yilabhoratri. Yiba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wokuqwalasela imikhwa yenkcitho yeqela labantu kwiinyanga ezininzi-uphononongo lwetyala lenza olu hlobo lophando lwehlabathi lokwenyani lufikeleleke kwaye lusebenze.
3. Ukunciphisa umkhethe:
Izifundo ezingumzekelo zigqwesile ekunciphiseni umkhethe. Ngenxa yokuba babamba iimbono ezahlukeneyo, iimbono zobuqu zabaphandi azinamandla kangako kwiziphumo. Oku kungathathi cala kuvumela uviwo olunenjongo ngakumbi lwesifundo esifundiswayo.
4. Ukucacisa uQhagamshelwano:
Ngeemeko zezifundo, ungalanda iindlela zophuhliso oluhle kunye nolubi. Oku kulandelwa kwenza iziphumo ezithile ziphindeke, zingqinwe, kwaye kube lula ukuzichaza. Kufana nokudibanisa amachaphaza ukuqonda umfanekiso omkhulu, ukunceda abaphandi kunye nabafundi babone ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo ngokucacileyo.
Funda kwakhona: Uluhlu lwazo zonke iZikolo zeNgcinga zeNgcinga ezicacisiweyo
Ukungalungi kwi-Case Studies
Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwezifundo zamatyala kuza kunye neseti yayo yemida, efuna ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo kweengxaki ezinxulumene nale ndlela yophando:
- Ukufezekiswa okulinganiselweyo: Enye intsilelo ebalaseleyo yophononongo lwemeko kukukwazi kwabo ukunyinwa ukuze kwenziwe ngokubanzi kubemi abaninzi. Iimeko ezizodwa kwimeko enye zisenokungameli iintsingiselo ezibanzi okanye iipateni.
- Ukungakwazi ukubonakalisa unobangela kunye nesiphumo: Izifundo zophando azenzelwanga ukuseka i-causation. Ngelixa zibonelela ngovavanyo oluneenkcukacha lwemeko ethile, ziyasilela ekuboniseni ubudlelwane besizathu kunye nesiphumo phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo.
- Ukunqongophala okunokwenzeka kweNzululwazi: Abagxeki baxoxa ukuba izifundo ze-case zisenokungabi ngqongqo kwezenzululwazi obufumaneka kwezinye iindlela zophando. Ukungabikho kolawulo olungqongqo kunye neenkqubo ezisemgangathweni kunokuphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokuthembeka kunye nokunyaniseka kweziphumo.
- Umngcipheko we-Bias: Ubume bemeko yophando lwazisa umngcipheko wokuthatha icala. Ukutolikwa kwabaphandi kunye nezigwebo zinokuchaphazela iziphumo, ezinokuthi zibeke esichengeni injongo yophando.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezifundo
Izifundo zophando ziindlela ezahlukeneyo zophando ezinika ukuqonda kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yomxholo. Makhe sihlolisise iindidi ezintlanu ezahlukeneyo:
1. Uphononongo olungumzekelo
Kolu hlobo lwesifundo sophando, abaphandi baqwalasela ngenyameko yonke inkalo yemeko ethile, ekhokelela kuhlalutyo olunzulu nolucokisekileyo lwedatha eqokelelweyo. Injongo kukubonelela ngengqiqo ebanzi yomxholo ophantsi kophando.
2. Izifundo ze-Intrinsic Case
Abaphandi baqala kwizifundo ezisisiseko xa benomdla wobuqu kulo mbandela. Owona mzekelo uphambili luphawu lukaJean Piaget ngabantwana bakhe, ebonisa indlela ukuzibandakanya komntu siqu okunokuba negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso ithiyori zengqondo.
3. I-Case Study
Ngokuyintloko isetyenziselwa ukuchonga imibuzo yophando kunye neendlela ezisemgangathweni kwizifundo ezilandelayo, izifundo zezehlo zokuhlola zifumana ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kummandla wesayensi yezopolitiko. Basebenza njengesiseko sokuphonononga nzulu kwizihloko ezithile kunye nokuphonononga iindlela ezinokubakho zophando lwexesha elizayo.
4. Izifundo eziQhelekileyo
Izifundo zemiba ehlangeneyo zibandakanya ukuvavanywa kweqela labantu, nokuba kukwimeko ethile okanye kuluntu luphela. Iingcali zengqondo, umzekelo, zinokuphanda ukuba ukufikelela kwimithombo yoluntu kuyichaphazela njani impilo-ntle yengqondo yabahlali bayo.
5. I-Case Study eyongezelekayo
Olu hlobo luxhomekeke kuhlalutyo lwedatha esemgangathweni eqokelelwe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ngokuphinda kuqwalaselwe iindlela zakudala zophando okanye izifundo, izifundo zeziganeko ezongezelekayo zinokufikelela kwizigqibo ezitsha, zibonisa ukuvela kokuqonda ekuhambeni kwexesha.
6. Uphononongo lwemeko enguNdoqo
Eyilelwe ukujongana nemibuzo malunga nesizathu kunye neziphumo zeziganeko ezithile, imizekelo ebalulekileyo yezifundo inika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo, ngakumbi xa uphonononga iziganeko ezicela umngeni kwiinyaniso ezisekiweyo. Banegalelo ekuqondeni okungafaniyo kweembono ezizodwa ezijikeleze izehlo ezibalulekileyo.
7. Uphononongo lweNtengiso
Igxininise ekuvavanyeni iziphumo ezilinganisekayo zezicwangciso zokuthengisa, iimveliso ezitsha, okanye ezinye izigqibo zoshishino, izifundo zezentengiselwano zibonelela ngengqiqo ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kweendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ezi zifundo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni izigqibo zoshishino kwixesha elizayo kunye izicwangciso zorhwebo.
Funda kwakhona: Uluhlu lweMizekeliso yokuziphatha kwiPsychology
Imizekelo yeZifundo zeMbali kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo
Kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, uphando lunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kwiimeko zobomi bokwenyani. Makhe sihlolisise imizekelo emithathu equka ukuthengiswa komxholo, i-neuroscience, kunye ne-psychoanalysis.
1. UkuThengiswa kweMpahla
Kwintengiso, izifundo zeemeko zisebenza njengezixhobo ezinamandla zokubonisa indlela amashishini ajongana ngayo neemfuno ezithile zabaxhasi babo. Eyona njongo iphambili ayikokusasaza nje ulwazi kodwa kukutsala abathengi abatsha. Ezi zifundo zezifundo kufuneka zikhangeleke, zinezihloko ezicacileyo, iifonti ezikhangayo, kunye nedatha ye-infographic elula ukuyiqonda. Ugxininiso lusekuboniseni ukusebenza kwempendulo yeshishini kwiimfuno zabathengi.
2. I-Neuroscience
Ibali likaPhineas Gage ngumzekelo olusizi kodwa okhanyiselayo kwi-neuroscience. Ukusinda kukaGage kwingozi embi kaloliwe kwanika abaphandi ithuba elikhethekileyo lokujonga utshintsho kwindlela aziphatha ngayo nakubuntu bakhe. Iindawo ezonakeleyo zobuchopho bakhe, ngakumbi umphambili welobe, zidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni unxibelelwano phakathi kwalo mmandla kunye nokusebenza ngokweemvakalelo. Olu phononongo lwemeko, ngelixa lungenakuphikiswa ngokweenqobo kwindawo yaselabhoratri, lwaba luphononongo olusisiseko olunegalelo kwinkqubela phambili yenzululwazi yengqondo kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo.
3. I-Psychoanalysis
Iingcambu zonyango lwentetho lwangoku zibuyela emva kwimeko enyanzelisayo ka-Anna O, okwaziwa ngokuba nguBertha Pappenheim. Ukuhlala eVienna ngo-1880, u-Bertha waqala ukufumana izinto ezingekhoyo kunye nokutshintsha kweemvakalelo. UJoseph Breuer, uvulindlela kwi-psychoanalysis, wamthabatha phantsi kokunyamekela kwakhe. Ngeeseshoni ezininzi apho wayethetha ngokuphandle ngemeko yakhe yangaphakathi yeemvakalelo kunye noloyiko, iimpawu zakhe ziye zehla ngokuthe ngcembe. Isifundo semeko ka-Anna O idla ngokuvunywa njengeyona mpumelelo iphambili kwinkalo yohlalutyo lwengqondo.
Ngaphaya koko, izifundo zezehlo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwintengiso ukuya kwi-neuroscience kunye ne-psychoanalysis. Banikezela ngefestile kwiimeko zehlabathi zangempela, ezibonelela ngezifundo ezixabisekileyo kunye nokuqonda okunegalelo ekukhuleni nasekuqondeni intsimi nganye.
Funda kwakhona: I-15 iZidanga eziGqwesileyo kwi-Intanethi kwiPsychology
Indlela yokubhala i-Case Study
Ukufunda indlela yokubhala i-case study kubalulekile, kwaye kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukwenza. Iindlela ezimbini eziqhelekileyo ziindlela zophononongo olulindelekileyo kunye nolwexesha elidlulileyo.
Uphononongo olulindelekileyo lubandakanya ukujonga abantu okanye amaqela ukuqonda iziphumo. Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi banokubukela iqela labantu ngokuhamba kwexesha ukufunda ukuphuhliswa kwesifo esithile. Le ndlela inceda ukuchonga iipateni kunye nezinto ezinefuthe kwisiphumo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izifundo ze-retrospective case zihlalutya ulwazi lwembali. Abaphandi baqala ngesiphumo, njengesifo, kwaye emva koko babuyele emva kubomi bomntu ukuze bafumane izinto ezinobungozi ezibangela ukugula. Le ndlela inika ingqiqo kwizinto ezinokuthi zikhokelele ekuqaliseni kwemeko ethile.
Ngaphaya koko, nokuba ujonga iziganeko njengoko zisenzeka okanye uphonononga ulwazi lwangaphambili, ukuqonda zombini iindlela ezilindelekileyo kunye neendlela zokubuyela emva kubalulekile ekubhaleni isifundo esisebenzayo.
Shiya iMpendulo