IPsychology inezikolo ezininzi zokucinga okanye ithiyori kwaye zihlala zibonelela ngeembono ezahlukeneyo malunga nendlela yokufunda ipsychology njengesifundo.
I-Psychology yaqala ukuvela njengenzululwazi yayo xa kwakukho impikiswano malunga nendlela esebenza ngayo ingqondo yomntu. Ekuqaleni, kwakukho iithiyori ezininzi kodwa isazi senzululwazi yendalo saseJamani uWilhelm Maximilian Wundt wayesisithandi sobulumko sokuqala ukuvula ilebhu yezengqondo ngo-1897.
UWilhelm Wundt waziwa ngemisebenzi yakhe kwaye namhlanje uthathwa njengomseki wengqondo. UWundt uphinde wasungula isikolo sokuqala sokucinga esisazi namhlanje njengolwakhiwo.
Isikolo sokucinga siquka abantu abaneengcamango ezifanayo ababelana ngokuqonda okufanayo. Izikolo ezahlukeneyo zokucinga zikhona namhlanje kwaye zifundelwe ukuqonda okunentsingiselo malunga nendlela esebenza ngayo ingqondo yomntu.
Yintoni Isikolo Sokucinga?
IPsychology kuphononongo lwengqondo yomntu kwaye isikolo sokucinga sichaza iqela labantu ababelana ngeengcamango ezifanayo, ifilosofi kunye nobukrelekrele.
Ichaza abantu abangamalungu eqela elithile ngokusekelwe kwiinkolelo zabo okanye izenzo eziphathelele umbandela othile.
Funda kwakhona: Izikolo ezili-15 eziBalaseleyo zeSayikholoji eHlabathini
Izikolo eziBalulekileyo zeNgcinga kwiPsychology
Makhe siphonononge izikolo ezintandathu eziphambili zengqondo zengqondo.
Ulwakhiwo
I-Structuralism yayisesona sikolo sokuqala sokucinga ngengqondo esigxile ekufundeni iinkqubo zengqondo ngokuzicazulula zibe ngamacandelo abalulekileyo.
NgokukaValentinasolci.medium.com, uWilhelm Wundt, umseki wesi sikolo sokucinga wayeqatshelwe ngokubanzi ngomsebenzi wakhe kwaye wafumana uninzi lweekhredithi.
Umfundi kaWundt u-Edward B. Titchener ukwamkelwa njengenye yeengcingane eziphambili zolwakhiwo.
Isikolo sokuqala sokucinga kwengqondo sigxile ekuhloleni ukwakheka kwengqondo yomntu. Ijolise ekuqondeni indlela ingqondo eyakhiwe ngayo ukuba isebenze kunye nendlela abantu abaziqhelanisa ngayo neenkolelo ezintsha.
Ukuba sisikolo sokuqala sokucinga, i-structuralism ihlola imbono yabantu kunye nezimvo ezahlukeneyo. Esi sikolo sokucinga senze iingcali zengqondo ezininzi zinomdla wokuphonononga kunye nokuqonda izinto ezisisiseko zengqondo.
UWilhelm Maximillian Wundt wayengumchwephesha wengqondo oye wafikelela kulo mbono. Indlela yakhe yokuqonda le njongo yayikukusebenzisa isixhobo sokuzihlola.
Ukuzihlola kubandakanya ukuzama ukufumanisa amava ethu angaphakathi ngabanye kunye nokubonakalisa ulwazi lwethu.
Abagxeki abaninzi babenoluvo olwahlukileyo malunga nokusebenzisa i-introspection njengesixhobo, nangona esi sikolo sokucinga siphucula i-psychology ngelo xesha. kunqabile ukuba abantu ababini babone into enye ngendlela efanayo.
Umsebenzi wokuSebenza
Isazi ngengqondo saseMelika kunye nefilosofi UWilliam James sisifundiswa sokusebenza, esinye sezikolo zokucinga kwisayikholoji. UWilliam James wayengumthandi wobulumko owayenoluvo olwahlukileyo malunga nomsebenzi kunye nesakhiwo.
Isifundiswa saseMelika kunye nesithandi sobulumko sasikholelwa ekufundeni indlela umntu asebenza ngayo kunokuba afunde ngesakhiwo.
Esi sikolo sokucinga sichaza indlela ingqondo esebenza ngayo kunye neenkqubo zengqondo ezikhuthaza ukuziqhelanisa.
Iingcali zokusebenza ziyibona ingqondo yomntu njengekhompyuter kwaye ukuze baqonde indlela ingqondo esebenza ngayo, bayijonga njengesoftware. Ingqondo yomntu intsonkothile kwaye ukuqonda umsebenzi wayo wengqondo, kufuneka ihlolwe ngokukodwa.
Iingcali zokusebenza ziye zazimisela ukufumanisa ukuba kutheni ezinye iinkqubo zengqondo ziqhele ukwenzeka. Oku kwakhokelela kuhlolisiso olucokisekileyo lokuziqhelanisa, inkuthazo, abantwana nezilwanyana.
Iingcali zokusebenza ziye zaqhuba iimvavanyo zazo ngokusebenzisa ukuzihlola njengesixhobo.
Funda kwakhona: I-10 Psychology Scholarships yaBafundi beZizwe ngezizwe eCanada
Ukuziphatha
Embindini wenkulungwane yama-20, indlela yokuziphatha yavela njengesona sikolo sibalaseleyo sokucinga, sigqwesa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nolwakhiwo.
I-Behaviourism yenye yezikolo zokucinga kwipsychology eyakhula ngeminyaka yee-1950s. Sisikolo sokucinga esigxile ekufundeni ingqondo yomntu ngovavanyo lwezivuseleli kunye neempendulo.
I-Behaviourism ichaza ngokulula uphononongo lokuziphatha okuqaphelekayo. Isazi ngengqondo saseMelika uJohn B. Watson uqhubele phambili ngepsychology ngokuseka indlela yokuziphatha.
Efaka igalelo kwimisebenzi kaWatson, ingcali yezengqondo yaseMelika uBF Skinner yenye yeengcali zokuziphatha ezamkela ingcamango yokuziphatha komntu ukuba ihlolwe.
U-Skinner wakhuthaza ingcamango yokuvavanya ukuziphatha komntu ngokuqiniswa kunye nesohlwayo kunye nezizathu zendalo, endaweni yezinto zangaphakathi.
UWatson wayezimisele ukufunda ingqondo yomntu ngokusondeleyo kwaye eqhubele phambili ngokucokisekileyo kwengqondo ukuze abe licandelo lezenzululwazi. Abagxeki besi sikolo sokucinga babenoluvo olwahlukileyo.
Babekholelwa ukuba iimpembelelo ezithile zengqondo zenzeka ngaphakathi, kungoko ukufunda indlela yokuziphatha enenjongo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ingqondo yomntu ngokukhawuleza.
Ingqondo yeGestalt
Iingcali zengqondo zeGestalt zikholelwa ukuba ingqondo yomntu isebenza ngokukodwa ngokufunxa nokutolika ulwazi ngemithetho eyahlukeneyo, imithetho, okanye imigaqo yokulungelelanisa.
Ezi ziingcali zengqondo ezazikholelwa ekufundeni ingqondo yomntu kunye namava ngokudibeneyo endaweni yokuyicanda ibe ngamacandelo amancinci. Ezi ngcali zengqondo ziyaziwa ngentetho yazo edumileyo ethi "Yonke inkulu kunesimbuku samalungu ayo".
Eminye imizekelo yeengqondo zeGestalt ibandakanya uMax Wertheimer, uKurt Koffka, kunye noWolfgang Köhler.
Iingcali zengqondo zeGestalt ziqinisekile ukuba kubalulekile ukuba ujonge amava onke, endaweni yokuwahlula kumacandelo asisiseko. Inkohliso ye-Optical yinto eyenzeka kwaye ukuqonda isiphumo sayo kwingqondo yomntu ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo wokucinga kwe-gestalt.
Psychology Cognitive
Sisekumxholo wezikolo zengqondo zokucinga. Makhe sihlolisise isayikholoji yengqondo kunye nayo yonke into ekhoyo.
Ke, yintoni i-cognitive psychology?
Lisebe lezengqondo elijongene nokufunda iinkqubo zengqondo yomntu kuquka indlela abantu abakhumbula ngayo, ababona ngayo, bafunde, kwaye bacinge.
Eli sebe lengqondo linxulumene nolunye uqeqesho olunje nge-neuroscience, iilwimi, kunye nefilosofi njengoko iyinxalenye yesifundo esibanzi senzululwazi yengqondo.
Ingqondo yengqondo njengesikolo sokucinga sineethiyori ezininzi. Ithiyori enempembelelo kwesi sikolo sengcamango yithisisi kaJean Piaget “kwinqanaba lophuhliso lwengqondo”.
Ithi abantwana badla ngokudlula kumanqanaba amaninzi okukhula kwengqondo.
Funda kwakhona: Izikolo ezili-15 eziGqwesileyo eFlorida zePsychology ngo-2024
IPsychology yoBuntu
Isayikholoji yezobuntu yavela njengesikolo sokucinga njengempendulo kwindlela yokuziphatha kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Yahlukile kwezinye izikolo zengcinga kwipsychology njengoko ikakhulu ijolise ekuncedeni abantu ukuba baphucule inkululeko yabo yokuzikhethela, ukuzenzela izinto, kunye nokukhula komntu.
Izazi ngengqondo zaseMelika uCarl Rogers kunye noAbraham Maslow ngabona bantu babini bacinga ngobuntu.
UCarl Rogers wayengomnye weengqondo zeengqondo zobuntu ezingavumelaniyo nengcamango yokuba izenzo zethu zilawulwa yimikhosi ethile. U-Abraham Maslow kwelinye icala udume ngokuphuhlisa "Ulawulo lweeMfuno" lwakhe olunika ingqiqo ngakumbi kule ndlela.
Esi sikolo sokucinga yayiyimpendulo elula yokungavumelani ne-psychoanalysis kunye nokuziphatha. Isayikholoji yezobuntu ikhokelele kuhlobo oluthile lonyango olujolise ekuncedeni abantu ukuba bafikelele kwisakhono sabo esipheleleyo.
Uvavanyo lwengqondo
Ithiyori ye-psychoanalytic ichaza ukuziphatha komntu ngokuvavanya ingqondo engaphantsi kwengqondo.
USigmund Freud ukholelwa ukuba ithuku lokufuna ulonwabo, apho i-neurologist yaseAustria ichaza njengesondo, isisiseko sophuhliso lomntu.
UFrud ukholelwa ukuba uphuhliso lwenzeka kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo. Nabantwana bayalufumana olu lonwabo kumanqanaba okuqala okukhula. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo sisenzo sokuncancisa ibele likamama.
I-Neurologist yase-Austrian nayo yayikholelwa ukuba ingqondo yomntu iqulethe izinto ezintathu ezahlukeneyo, ezibandakanya i-ego, i-ad, kunye ne-superego.
Intombi kaSigmund Freud, u-Anna Freud, naye wayeyi-psychoanalyst eyaziwayo njengenye yeengcamango eziphambili zengqondo. UAnna Freud, uErik Erikson, kunye noCarl Jung baphakathi kweengcinga eziphambili zengqondo.
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Apha ngezantsi kubuzwa rhoqo imibuzo malunga nezikolo zokucinga kwipsychology.
Yintoni isikolo sokucinga?
IPsychology kuphononongo lwengqondo yomntu kwaye isikolo sokucinga sichaza iqela labantu ababelana ngeengcamango ezifanayo, ifilosofi kunye nobukrelekrele.
Yintoni intsingiselo yesikolo sokucinga?
Funda kwakhona: Ingcali yePsychology vs Psychiatrist: Yintoni uMahluko?
Isikolo sokucinga sichaza iqela labantu abanengcamango efanayo, ingqondo kunye nefilosofi.
Yayiyintoni isikolo sokuqala sokucinga kwisayikholoji?
Kukho izikolo ezininzi zeengcinga kodwa ezonakuqala zaziyilwakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Eyangaphambili yayisisikolo sokuqala sokucinga kwengqondo.
Zeziphi ezona zikolo zithandathu ziphambili zokucinga kwisayikholoji?
Izikolo ezithandathu eziphambili zokucinga kwisayikholoji kulwakhiwo, ukuziphatha, ukusebenza kakuhle, isayikholoji yengqondo, iGestalt psychology, kunye nepsychoanalysis.
Yintoni ukusebenza njengesikolo sokucinga kwisayikholoji?
Isazi ngengqondo saseMelika kunye nesithandi sobulumko uWilliam James sisifundiswa sokusebenza, esinye sezikolo zokucinga kwengqondo. UWilliam James wayengumthandi wobulumko owayenoluvo olwahlukileyo malunga nomsebenzi kunye nesakhiwo.
isiphelo
Ulwakhiwo kunye nokusebenza zizikolo zokuqala zokucinga kwiPsychology. Igama elithi psychology livavanya indlela ingqondo yomntu eyakhiwe ngayo ngezikolo zayo ezahlukeneyo zokucinga.
Izikolo zala maxesha zePsychology, ukuziphatha kunye nesayikholoji yengqondo zombini zinempembelelo, ngelixa isayikholoji yezobuntu yaphuhliswa njengempendulo kwisimilo kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo.
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