Incazelo elula yegama elithi “Racism” ngokwe-Oxford English Dictionary, inkolelo yokuthi uhlanga ngalunye lunezici ezihlukile nezingaphakathi. Kuyinkolelo yokuthi uhlanga luphakeme kunezinye
Ukucwasa ngokwebala kungathatha izinhlobo ezahlukene - kungaba ngokomuntu siqu, kugxilile ezikhungweni, noma kufakwe ngaphakathi kwabantu ngabanye. Ukucwasa kuhlanganisa izimo zengqondo, izenzo, kanye nezinhlelo zonke.
Ngokomlando, ukucwasa ngokwebala kwathatha okuphawulekayo ukuphenduka lapho abamhlophe baseYurophu nabaseMelika bethuthukisa umqondo wesimanje “wohlanga” ukuze kuthethelelwe umkhuba wobugqila. Nakuba ukucwasa nokubandlulula bekukhona kuwo wonke umlando, lokhu kucatshangelwa kobuhlanga kudlale indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni imikhuba yokucwasa esaqhubeka nanamuhla.
Kulesi sihloko, sizocubungula ekuqaleni kokucwasa ngokwebala, sikhanyisele ukuthi ngubani oqale lesi senzo sokucwasa. Ukwengeza, sizokwethula izibonelo ezinhlanu zobandlululo ukuze siqonde kangcono ukubonakaliswa kwalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizoxoxa ngezindlela zokuthatha izinyathelo zokulwa nokucwasa ngokwebala.
Umsuka Nezimpande Zomlando Zobandlululo
Ubandlululo lusuka emqondweni wakamuva “wohlanga,” okuwuhlelo olwavela ngesikhathi sobandlululo. I-Transatlantic Slave Trade ngekhulu le-16. Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ngaphambi kwalokhu, abantu babevuma ukungezwani phakathi kwabo kodwa babengabahlanganisi abantu ngokwezinhlanga.
Nokho, njengoba isidingo sokugqilazwa sanda ngekhulu le-17, abamhlophe baseYurophu nabaseMelika bafuna isizathu sokugqilazwa, okwaholela ekuthuthukisweni komqondo “wohlanga.”
USolwazi u-Andrew Curran, esihlokweni se-Time, ugqamisa indlela ososayensi nezazi zefilosofi yangaleso sikhathi ezazifuna ngayo izincazelo ezingezona ezenkolo ukuze kulungiswe umehluko owawucatshangwa phakathi kwabantu base-Afrika nabamhlophe baseYurophu.
Laba bacabangi babengaqhutshwa nje ilukuluku lesayensi; babefuna izizathu zokwenza ubugqila bube semthethweni.
Ngokuhlola kanye nezinkolelo-mbono zesayensi-mbumbulu ezingagunyaziwe, kwavela isigaba sezinhlanga, sibeka abantu abamhlophe phezulu kanye nabaNsundu phansi. Abanye babephikisa ngokuthi “izinhlanga” ezithile zazimiselwe ukugqilazwa, begomela ngokuthi kwakungokokuhlela okungokwemvelo okucatshangwayo.
Ngaphandle kwezizathu zesayensi, izimpikiswano zenkolo zazibuye zihlobane nomqondo “wohlanga.” Lezi zinkolelo zihlangene zaba nomthelela ekusungulweni kwezigaba zobuhlanga eziqhubekisela phambili ukucwasa nokungalingani.
Ukuqonda umlando wokuthuthuka kobandlululo kunikeza ukukhanya ezintweni eziyinkimbinkimbi nezixhumene ezilolonge ukuqonda kwethu kwanamuhla ngobuhlanga.
Funda futhi: Kuyini Ukufana Kwezamasiko?
Ukuvela Kobandlululo Ngokuhamba Kwesikhathi
Ukucwasa ngokwebala kushintshile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Emuva ngo-1859, umkhumbi wokugcina owawuthwele izigqila wafika e-United States. Ubugqila baphela eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva ngemva kweMpi Yombango YaseMelika.
Nakuba ubugqila baqedwa, ukucwasa ngokwebala akuzange kuphele. Ngisho nalabo ababelwa nobugqila babengakholelwa njalo ekulinganeni phakathi kwabantu abaNsundu nabamhlophe; bavele bacabanga ukuthi ubugqila akulungile.
Ukucwasa ngokwebala kwaqhubeka nokubumba indlela abantu ababonana ngayo nabona ngokwabo.
Namuhla, ukucwasa okusobala akubekezelelwa ezindaweni eziningi, kodwa izinqubomgomo ezindala nokucwasa okucashile kusabangela ukungalingani phakathi kwezinhlanga. Esikhundleni sokuqaphela umthelela wobugqila nokungabi nabulungisa kwesikhathi esidlule, abanye abantu basola ukungezwani okungokwemvelo phakathi kwezinhlanga njengokungalingani. Kodwa isayensi ibonisa ukuthi uhlanga alusekelwe kusayensi yezinto eziphilayo.
Nakuba ubuhlanga kuwumqondo wangempela wezenhlalo nezombusazwe, abukho ubufakazi besayensi bokuthi abantu bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu ezinhlanga ezihlukene nge-DNA yabo.
Ukuhlonza Izibonelo Zokucwasa
Ukucwasa ngokwebala kungabonakala ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngezinye izikhathi kusobala, futhi ngezinye izikhathi akunjalo. Kodwa wazi kanjani uma uyibona? Nazi izibonelo ezinhlanu ezingakusiza uqonde:
1. Ukucwasa ngokwebala
Abantu abaningi bakhuthaza ukuthi “ungabi nabala,” begomela ngokuthi uhlanga alunandaba futhi kufanele lushaywe indiva. Lo mbono, owaziwa ngokuthi i-colourblind racism, ukholelwa ngephutha ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi uhlanga alulona olwangempela ngokwebhayoloji, ukuxoxa noma ukubuvuma akudingekile.
Kodwa-ke, nakuba ubuhlanga bungasekelwe kusayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ngokungenakuphikwa bukhona njengokwakhiwa komphakathi, futhi ukucwasa ngokwebala kusalokhu kuyindaba egcwele.
Labo abathi bayizimpumputhe ngokuvamile banesandla ekuhlaseleni okungaqondile—izenzo zokungacabangeli noma ukuphawula okucwasa abantu ngokwebala labo. Kuyaxaka ukuthi abanye abantu, nakuba begomela ukuntula ubandlululo lobuhlanga, basengase babe nemibono ebandlulula ngokweqile.
Ngokumangalisayo, ucwaningo olumayelana nokungaboni umbala esimweni sezokwelapha lwembula ukuthi odokotela ababhalisela lo mbono bathambekele kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni uhlanga ezinqumweni zabo zokuhlola nokwelashwa.
Ukwenqaba ukuvuma ukuba khona kokucwasa ngokwebala kuyaluqhubekisela phambili. Ngokuthatha isimo sokungaboni ngaso linye, abantu ngabanye bangase basekele imikhuba nezimo zengqondo zokucwasa bengazi.
Ukuqaphela ukuthi uhlanga luyisakhiwo somphakathi akusho ukulahla umthelela walo; esikhundleni salokho, kudinga ukuqonda okumbalwa okungasiza ukuqeda ukuchema kwesistimu futhi kukhuthaze ukulingana kwangempela.
2. Izinhlanga Zobuhlanga kanye Nemibono Ehlukile
Inhlamba yobuhlanga kanye nemibono yobuhlanga eyisibonelo sokucwasa ngokwebala. Amazwi alulazayo amagama acasulayo nemisho esetshenziselwa ukuthuka nokubandlulula abantu ngabanye noma amaqembu ngokohlanga noma ubuzwe babo. Lawa magama agxekwa kakhulu futhi, kwezinye izindawo, abhekwa njengenkulumo enenzondo, eholela emiphumeleni engokomthetho.
Izinkolelo-ze zobuhlanga ziyizinkolelo ezivamile ngabantu ezisekelwe kuhlanga lwabo. Nakuba abanye bengase babe nombono omuhle, abaningi banemibono engemihle, eqhubekisela phambili imibono elimazayo njengamaqembu athile athambekele ebudloveni noma ekuziphatheni kobugebengu.
Imibono engemihle inomthelela ekubandlululweni, ekukhipheni inyumbazane emphakathini, nasekulimaleni okungokwengqondo. Ngisho nezinkolelo-mbono ezibonakala zilungile azihloniphi njengoba zibeka amathemba enziwe lula ngokweqile kubantu ngabanye.
Kokubili inhlamba yobuhlanga kanye nemibono ecatshangwayo idlala indima ekukhuthazeni indawo yokucwasa nokucwasa. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela nokugxeka ukuziphatha okunjalo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubandakanywa nokuqonda phakathi kwemiphakathi eyahlukene.
3. Ukucwasa ngokwebala
Ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga kuwuhlobo oluvamile lokucwasa lapho abantu bephathwa ngendlela engafanele ngenxa yohlanga lwabo. Kwenzeka ezingxenyeni eziningi zempilo, njengasemisebenzini, ezindlini, ezikoleni, ezinkantolo, nasekunakekelweni kwezempilo. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukucwasa akubonakali. Imithetho noma izenzo zingase zingakhulumi ngobuhlanga, kodwa zingase zingabi nabulungisa.
Isibonelo, e-US, amantombazane amnyama avame ukubhekana nezijeziso ezinzima esikoleni, nakuba kungenjalo ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yohlanga lwawo. Kwesinye isigameko, intombazane eneminyaka engu-12 ubudala eNsundu yangena enkingeni ngokubhala ukuthi “hi” elokhani. Wabhekana nemiphumela engathi sína, kuyilapho intombazane emhlophe eyayihilelekile yaba lula. Kwakungekho mthetho othi amantombazane aMnyama kufanele aphathwe kanzima, kodwa namanje kwenzeka.
Ukucwasa kungenzeka ngisho ngaphandle kokubalula uhlanga. Akulungile futhi kulimaza abantu. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela nokuyeka ukucwasa ngokwebala noma kuphi lapho kwenzeka khona.
4. Umkhuba Wokuhlukaniswa Kwezinhlanga
Ukuhlukanisa umphakathi ngobuhlanga, okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi “ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezinhlanga,” kusho ukuhlukanisa abantu ngokohlanga lwabo kanye nokunciphisa ukufinyelela kwabo ezinsizeni, ezikhungweni, ezinkonzweni namathuba. Izibonelo zalokhu zihlanganisa ubandlululo eNingizimu Afrika kanye Imithetho kaJim Crow eNingizimu yaseMelika. Kulezi zinhlelo, abantu abamnyama babephoqeleka ukuthi bahlale ezindaweni ezihlukene, bafunde ezikoleni ezihlukene, basebenzise izikhungo zomphakathi ezihlukene, futhi bahlale ezindaweni ezimisiwe zezinto zokuhamba zomphakathi.
Naphezu kwemizamo yokuthethelela lokhu kuhlukaniswa ngemfundiso “yokwehlukana kodwa kuyalingana,” abantu abamnyama baseMelika babelokhu bethola impatho ephansi nezinkonzo. Ukucwasa okufanayo kwenzeka eNingizimu Afrika.
Isenzo sokuhlukanisa umphakathi ngobuhlanga siwukuvuna izinhlanga ezibizwa ngokuthi “eziphakeme” nokuvimbela ukuxutshwa kwezinhlanga, siwukucwasa ngokwedlulele. Ngisho noma abasekeli bephikisana ngokulingana ekuhlukaniseni, ukuhlukaniswa okuphoqelelwe kuhlala kuwukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu.
Funda futhi: 6 Izibonelo Zeminyaka yobudala
5. Ukukhomba Abantu Ngokusekelwe Ngokohlanga
Ukwenza ubugebengu komunye umuntu ngenxa yohlanga kubizwa ngenzondo. Uma abantu abaningi beqondiswe futhi balinyazwa ngokohlanga lwabo, kuba ukubulawa kwabantu. Ukuqothulwa kohlanga kusho ukubulala ngamabomu iqembu elikhulu labantu bohlanga oluthile noma isizwe ukuze kuqedwe ngokuphelele.
UkuQothulwa Kwesizwe kuyisibonelo esibi salokhu. Kwe UkuQothulwa Kwesizwe, amaNazi ayeqondise abantu abangamaJuda bezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene, ebabheka njengohlanga oluhlukile. AmaNazi aqala ngokwenza abantu abangamaJuda babonakale bengabalulekile futhi bengathandi abantu abavamile ngenxa yohlanga lwabo.
Lokhu kwaholela ekubahlukaniseni, kubabeke kude nomphakathi, futhi ekugcineni, bababulale ngendlela ehlelekile. UkuQothulwa Kwesizwe kuyisibonelo esinzima sokungavumelani namaJuda, uhlobo oludala lokucwasa olwalukhona ngaphambi kokuqonda kwethu kwamanje ubuhlanga.
Ungakulwa Kanjani Nokucwasa?
Ukucwasa ngokwebala kwenzeka yonke indawo ngisho nasemidlalweni ekhokhelwayo. Izinyathelo sezithathiwe ukunqanda ukucwasa, kodwa ingabe izikhungo zenza okwanele ukuxosha ukucwasa?
Ake sibheke ezinye zezinyathelo ezingasiza ukulwa nokucwasa.
Kudingeka Uqonde Ukucwasa
Ukuqonda ukucwasa ngokwebala kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokululungisa. Ukucwasa ngokwebala akukhona nje ukuba nonya kumuntu ngenxa yohlanga lwakhe. Ziningi izindlela ezibonakalisa ngayo, nangaphandle kwabantu okusho ukucwasa.
Uma ufuna ukuyeka ukucwasa, funda okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngakho. Funda izincwadi, lalela izingoma, bhala izinkondlo, funda futhi ukhulume nabantu abazi ngokucwasa. Bachithe isikhathi esiningi befunda futhi bangakufundisa. Uma usukuqonda kangcono ukucwasa, ungaqala ukusebenza ukuze wenze izinto zibe ngcono.
Sekela Izinqubomgomo Ezifanelekile Zokulingana Ngobuhlanga
Ukumela izinguquko zenqubomgomo kubalulekile ekuhlakazweni ukucwasa ngokwezikhungo, inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yemithetho, imithetho, nezinhlelo ezisekela ukucwasa ngokwebala kuzo zonke izici zomphakathi. Ukuze kube noshintsho oluhlala njalo, akwanele ukuba abantu ngabanye baguqule imibono yabo ngobuhlanga; izinhlelo eziphoqelela ukucwasa ngokwebala kumele ziguqulwe.
Ukwenza umehluko, ungavumela izinqubomgomo eziqhubekayo ngokuvota, amaqembu asekelayo, futhi uhlolisise imithethonqubo endaweni osebenza kuyo, esikoleni, noma kwezinye izinhlangano obambe iqhaza kuzo.
Uma ungaqiniseki ngokuthi ungaqala kuphi, hlola izincomo zenqubomgomo ezivezwa izinhlangano zobulungisa bobuhlanga. Ngokubamba iqhaza ngokukhuthele kule mizamo, ubamba iqhaza ekudaleni umphakathi onobulungiswa nolinganayo wawo wonke umuntu.
Yamukela Ukukhula Komuntu Siqu Womhlaba Obandakanya Kakhulu
Ukubhekana nokucwasa kungaba yinselele ngenxa yomthelela wako osabalele, kodwa ukugxila ekushintsheni komuntu siqu kuyisiqalo esibalulekile. Lawula izenzo zakho, njengoba abantu ngabanye bengazi babambe ukuchema, imibono engaguquki, noma ukucwasa okungaphakathi ngaphakathi.
Zibophezele ekuguquleni impilo yakho ngokuhlola izinkolelo zakho nokusebenzisana kwakho, futhi ukhulume ngokumelene nokucwasa uma uhlangabezana. Izibopho ziyehluka ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu; labo abavela emaqenjini acwaswayo babhekana nezinselele ezihlukile uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo abamhlophe.
Kubalulekile ukugwema ukubeka wonke umthwalo wokuqeda ukucwasa emahlombe emiphakathi ecwasa ngokwebala. Esikhundleni salokho, ukugqugquzela ubumbano phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene, ukubeka phambili ukwesekwa komphakathi, nokuvumela isikhathi sokuphumula kuyizici ezibalulekile zokufinyelela inqubekelaphambili ehlala njalo nesimeme. Ukwamukela ukukhula komuntu siqu kunomthelela ekwakheni umhlaba obandakanya wonke umuntu noqondayo wawo wonke umuntu.
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