Uqala umsebenzi wokuphatha ibhizinisi noma okwamanje ubhalise ohlelweni lwebhizinisi? Ukwazi izindlela ezahlukene zokuphatha amaphrojekthi kungenza uhambo lwakho lube bushelelezi. Lezi zindlela azongi isikhathi kuphela kodwa futhi zithuthukisa ikhono lakho lokusingatha amaphrojekthi omsebenzi ngempumelelo. Kulo mhlahlandlela, sizohlola izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuphatha amaphrojekthi, okukuvumela ukuthi ukhethe leyo ekufanele kakhulu.
Ukuqonda izindlela zokuphatha amaphrojekthi kubalulekile kulabo abahlose umsebenzi wokuphatha ibhizinisi noma okwamanje ababhalise ohlelweni lwebhizinisi. Kungaphezu nje kokuqeda amaphrojekthi; imayelana nokwenza kahle. Ngokufunda lezi zindlela, awongi isikhathi kuphela kodwa futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi amaphrojekthi akho ahlobene nomsebenzi aqhutshwa ngempumelelo. Ake sihlole izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuphatha iphrojekthi ukuze zikusize ekukhetheni leyo ehambisana nokuncamelayo kanye nemigomo yakho.
Izici Ezibalulekile Zokuphathwa Kwephrojekthi
Ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi kubandakanya izici ezinhlanu ezibalulekile ezinomthelela empumelelweni yawo. Lezi zingxenye ezibalulekile ziqinisekisa ukuthi iphrojekthi ihlelwe kahle, yenziwa ngendlela efanele, iqashwe ngempumelelo, ubungozi bulawulwa, futhi ukuxhumana kugcinwa kulo lonke. Nakhu ukuhlukaniswa kwalezi zici ezibalulekile:
1. Ukuhlela: Isinyathelo sokuqala ekuphathweni kwephrojekthi ukwakha uhlelo olunemininingwane. Lolu hlelo kufanele luhlanganise ububanzi bephrojekthi, izinjongo, izikhathi, izinsiza, kanye nesabelomali. Kubalulekile ukubuyekeza njalo futhi ubuyekeze uhlelo ukuze wenze isiqiniseko sokuthi iphrojekthi ihlala isendleleni.
2. Ukubulawa: Uma uhlelo selukhona, isigaba esilandelayo sibandakanya ukulenza lisebenze. Abaphathi bephrojekthi badinga ukwengamela ukuphothulwa kwemisebenzi eyahlukene eshiwo ohlelweni ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi iphrojekthi iqhubeka ngendlela ehlosiwe.
3. Ukuqapha Nokulawula: Abaphathi bephrojekthi badlala indima ebalulekile ekulandeleni inqubekelaphambili yephrojekthi. Kudingeka bakhombe noma yiziphi izinkinga eziphakamayo futhi benze izinguquko ezidingekayo ukuze bagcine yonke into isendleleni. Izinkomba zokusebenza ezisemqoka (ama-KPI) angamathuluzi abalulekile okuqapha nokulawula iphrojekthi.
4. Ukuphathwa Kobungozi: Amaphrojekthi amaningi abhekana nokungaqiniseki, futhi ukuphathwa okuphumelelayo kwephrojekthi kuhilela ukukhomba nokunciphisa ubungozi. Ngokubhekana nezinkinga ezingase zibe khona ngaphambi kokuba zande, abaphathi bephrojekthi bangavikela impumelelo yephrojekthi.
Ukuxhumana: Ukuxhumana okuvulekile kubalulekile kuyo yonke iphrojekthi. Abaphathi bephrojekthi kufanele bavuselele njalo ababambiqhaza mayelana nenqubekelaphambili yephrojekthi, bakhuthaze indawo yokusebenzisana futhi baqinisekise ukuthi wonke umuntu unolwazi oluningi.
Ngokugxila kulezi zici ezinhlanu ezibalulekile, abaphathi bephrojekthi bathuthukisa amathuba okuqeda amaphrojekthi ngempumelelo, izinjongo zomhlangano, kanye nababambiqhaza abagculisayo.
Izindlela Zokuphatha Iphrojekthi
1. Indlela Yempophoma
Abafundi abaningi nabaphathi bephrojekthi bafuna indlela elula, yesinyathelo nesinyathelo yokuphatha amaphrojekthi abo. Uma ungumuntu othanda izindlela ezicacile neziqondile, indlela yokwenza impophoma ingaba yilokho okudingayo. Igama elithi “impophoma” ngokwalo libonisa ukugeleza okuya phansi kwenqubo, lapho isigaba ngasinye siqalwa futhi siqedwe ngaphambi kokudlulela kwesinye. Le ndlela iphumelela kakhulu kumaphrojekthi wokukhiqiza nokwakha. Kungase futhi kube usizo kubafundi nabacwaningi abaqoqa futhi bahlaziye idatha ngezinjongo zemfundo.
Indlela ye-waterfall ingenye yezindlela zokuphatha iphrojekthi lapho udinga ukulandela indlela emisiwe, uqinisekisa ukuthi isigaba ngasinye siyaqedwa ngaphambi kokudlulela kwesilandelayo. Lesi sakhiwo esihlelekile senza kube lula ukulandelela ukuqhubeka futhi sinciphise amathuba okuba izinto zibe nzima kakhulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wakha isakhiwo noma wenza ucwaningo lwezemfundo, indlela yokwenza impophoma inikeza indlela ehlelekile yokuhamba kuphrojekthi yakho, ikwenze kube ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu kulabo abakhetha indlela eqondile neqondile yokuphatha iphrojekthi.
Funda futhi: 30 Micromanagement Quotes kanye nencazelo yabo
2. I-Critical Path Method (CPM)
Indlela Ebalulekile Yendlela (CPM) iyithuluzi eliwusizo lokuphatha iphrojekthi elisiza abaphathi ukuthi baqonde futhi bahlele imisebenzi kuphrojekthi. Ibenza bakwazi ukuhlonza yonke imisebenzi futhi bathole ukuthi ishejuli ivumelana nezimo kanjani kulowo nalowo. Nge-CPM, abaphathi bakha indlela ebucayi, okuwukulandelana okude kakhulu kwemisebenzi edingekayo ukuze kuqedelwe iphrojekthi ngesikhathi.
Le ndlela iphumelela kakhulu kumaphrojekthi amancane kuya kwaphakathi nendawo. Kwenza kube lula inqubo yokuhlela nokuhlela imisebenzi, inikeze umhlahlandlela ocacile womugqa wesikhathi wephrojekthi. Ngokugxila endleleni ebucayi, abaphathi bangakwazi ukubeka phambili imisebenzi futhi baqinisekise ukuthi iphrojekthi ihlala ohlelweni.
Empeleni, i-Critical Path Method yenza lula ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi ngokunikeza indlela eqondile yokuhlela umsebenzi nokuhlela. Kuyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqinisekisa ukuphothulwa ngempumelelo nangesikhathi kwephrojekthi, ikakhulukazi esimeni semizamo emincane nemaphakathi.
3. I-Agile Methodology
Ekubambisaneni, indlela yokusebenza eshesha kakhulu iyindlela ewusizo yokufinyelela izinjongo eziyinhloko zephrojekthi. I-Agile igxile ekusebenzeni ndawonye, ukuguquguquka, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhasimende lijabule. Lokhu kusiza ekuguquleni izinhlelo nokuba ngcono ezigabeni ezahlukene. Ngokuvamile, abantu abalandela le ndlela bahlukanisa iphrojekthi ibe izingxenye ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-sprints. Bese besebenzisa impendulo eqhubekayo ukuze benze umkhiqizo ube ngcono.
Agile kufana nomhlahlandlela owusizo wamaqembu. Ibakhombisa indlela yokusebenzisana kahle futhi balungele izinguquko. Zicabange usohambweni, futhi esikhundleni sokuhlela lonke uhambo ngesikhathi esisodwa, uluhlele kancane kancane. Ngale ndlela, uma kwenzeka okuthile okungalindelekile, ungakwazi ukulungisa izinhlelo zakho kalula.
Ngokushesha, amaqembu angaba nobuhlakani obukhulu futhi enze izinto zibe ngcono isinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Kufana nokwakha iphazili. Uqala ngezingcezu ezincane, uzihlanganise, futhi ngokushesha uba nesithombe esiphelele. Indlela eshesha kakhulu ifana nokuhlanganisa iphazili yephrojekthi, ucezu olulodwa ngesikhathi, ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi yonke into ilingana kahle.
4. Indlela yeScrum
Indlela ye-Scrum iyindlela yokuphatha amaphrojekthi elandela eminye yemibono ebalulekile yezindlela ezishesha kakhulu. Ngokufanayo nendlela eshesha, iScrum igcizelela kakhulu ukusebenzisana nokusebenzisana. Njengokushesha, abantu abasebenzisa i-Scrum bahlukanisa imisebenzi ehlukene kuphrojekthi ibe izingxenye ezincane, ezilawulekayo. Nokho, i-Scrum yakhelwe amaqembu amancane, ngokuvamile anamalungu afika kwayishumi.
Ku-Scrum, la maqembu ahlela imihlangano emifushane, eyaziwa ngokuthi imihlangano yesikram, nsuku zonke noma masonto onke ukuze ahlole ukuthi aqhuba kahle kangakanani ngomsebenzi wawo. Le mihlangano isiza amalungu eqembu ukuthi ahlale ekhasini elifanayo futhi abhekane nanoma yiziphi izinselele okungenzeka abhekane nazo. Ngokwamukela indlela ye-Scrum, amaqembu ahlose ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana, ukuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka, nokuletha ngempumelelo imiphumela yephrojekthi.
5. I-Kanban Methodology
Indlela ye-Kanban ilungele amaphrojekthi adinga isithombe esicacile. Ngale ndlela, abaphathi bephrojekthi bangabona yonke imisebenzi kuphrojekthi futhi bahlele ukuthi umsebenzi kufanele uhambe kanjani. Basebenzisa amakhadi noma amanothi anamathelayo ukulandela ukuthi isigaba ngasinye siqhubeka kanjani. Indlela yokubuka ye-Kanban inhle ekususeni noma yiziphi izinkinga noma imizamo emoshiwe kuphrojekthi.
Esikhundleni senqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, i-Kanban igcina izinto ziqondile. Kufana nokuba nebhodi elinamakhadi omsebenzi ngamunye, futhi ungawahambisa ukuze ubonise ukuthi izinto zikuphi. Ngale ndlela, wonke umuntu oseqenjini uyazi ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe nokuthi yini eseyiphelile. Kuyindlela elula kodwa enamandla yokuphatha amaphrojekthi futhi uqiniseke ukuthi yonke into ihamba kahle.
6. PRINCE2 Indlela
Indlela ye-PRINCE2 iyithuluzi eliwusizo lokuphatha amaphrojekthi lapho isigaba ngasinye sidinga ukugunyazwa ngaphambi kokudlulela kwesinye. Abasebenzisi bale ndlela bahlukanisa iphrojekthi ngezigaba, futhi isigaba ngasinye singase sidinge ukugunyazwa ngaphambi kokuqhubeka. Ngaphambi kokuqala isigaba esilandelayo, ababambiqhaza bayathintwa futhi kutholwe imvume yabo.
Ngamagama alula, i-PRINCE2 iyindlela yokuhlela nokuphatha amaphrojekthi isinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Cabanga ngokwakha indlu – ubungeke uqale ukugxumeka izindonga ngaphambi kokuqinisekisa ukuthi isisekelo siqinile, akunjalo? I-PRINCE2 ilandela umqondo ofanayo wanoma iyiphi iphrojekthi. Ihlukanisa yonke iphrojekthi ibe izingxenye ezincane, iqinisekisa ukuthi konke kugunyaziwe futhi kuhle ukuhamba ngaphambi kokuqhubekela phambili. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina izinto zihlelekile futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu ohilelekile, njengabantu abaxhasa iphrojekthi kanye nalabo abenza umsebenzi, bayavumelana ngesinyathelo ngasinye.
Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna indlela ecacile nehlelekile yokuphatha amaphrojekthi akho, i-PRINCE2 iyisinqumo esihle phakathi kwezinye izindlela zokuphatha iphrojekthi. Kufana nokuba nemephu yomgwaqo - uyazi lapho uya khona, futhi uyaqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu ugibele ngaphambi kokudlulela esitobhini esilandelayo.
Funda futhi: 100 Izimfanelo Ezinhle Izibonelo
Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zezitayela Zokuphathwa Kwephrojekthi
Ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi kuhilela izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokusingatha imisebenzi ngempumelelo nokufeza izinjongo. Nazi izinhlobo ezine zokuphathwa kwephrojekthi:
Ukuphathwa Kwephrojekthi Yendabuko
Ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi yendabuko kuyindlela yakudala yokusebenza kumaphrojekthi. Ngale ndlela, imisebenzi yenziwa ilandelana ngokulandelana ngendlela ethile. Kuyafana nokulandela izinyathelo kuresiphi. Abantu basebenzisa le ndlela ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi umsebenzi ngamunye uphelile ngaphambi kokuqala olandelayo. Kufana nokwakha indlu lapho ubeka khona isisekelo ngaphambi kokumisa izindonga.
Le ndlela igxile kakhulu ekuhleleni nasekugcineni amarekhodi. Kusho ukuthi konke kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela futhi kubhalwe phansi ngaphambi kokuqala. Lokhu kungakhawulela iphrojekthi ngoba kufanele inamathele ohlelweni, noma ngabe izinto zishintsha.
Sekukonke, ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi okujwayelekile kumayelana nokwenza izinto ngokulandelana okuhleliwe kanye nokwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi konke kuhleliwe futhi kubhalwe phansi ngaphambi kokuqala.
Ukuphathwa kwe-Agile Project
I-Agile Project Management iyindlela yokusebenzisana kumaphrojekthi. Kuyasiza ukudala umoya weqembu ekuphatheni amaphrojekthi. Esikhundleni sokwenza konke ngesikhathi esisodwa, i-Agile iphula imisebenzi ibe izingxenye ezincane. Lezi zingxenye ezincane zibe sezinikezwa amalungu eqembu ahlukene ukuze asebenze. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuphatha nokuqeda imisebenzi.
Ekuphathweni kwephrojekthi evamile, yonke into ihlelwa ekuqaleni, futhi uhlelo lulandelwa isinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Kodwa ku-Agile, uhlelo lungashintsha njengoba iphrojekthi iqhubeka. Ivumela ukuguquguquka nokulungiswa ngokusekelwe kulokho okwenzekayo phakathi nephrojekthi.
I-Agile ifana nokwakha ngezitini ze-Lego. Ilungu leqembu ngalinye lithola ucezu oluthile lwe-Lego (umsebenzi), futhi ndawonye bakhe iphrojekthi. Uma bedinga ukushintsha okuthile, bangakwazi ukuhlela kabusha izingcezu ze-Lego kalula. Ngale ndlela, iqembu lingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi lenze intuthuko kuyo yonke iphrojekthi. I-Agile iyindlela evumelana nezimo futhi yokusebenzisana yokuphatha amaphrojekthi.
Funda Ukuphathwa Kwephrojekthi
Emhlabeni wokuphathwa kwephrojekthi engenawo amandla, inhloso enkulu ukusika izinyathelo ezingadingekile nokukhulisa umkhiqizo. Le ndlela ihlanganisa ukusebenzisa idatha ukuze wenze izinqumo ezihlakaniphile futhi uhlale uthola izindlela zokwenza izinqubo zibe bushelelezi, ukunciphisa ukumosha nokulondoloza imali.
Ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi okunciphile kumayelana nokwenza izinto ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Abaphathi kule sistimu basebenza kanzima ukuze basuse noma yiziphi izingxenye ezingadingekile zephrojekthi ezingangezi inani. Basebenzisa idatha ukuze baqondise ukukhetha kwabo futhi bahlale befuna izindlela zokwenza izinto zibe lula futhi zingamoshi.
Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphathwa kwephrojekthi engenangqondo. Esikhundleni sokunamathela ezindleleni zakudala zokwenza izinto, abaphathi bahlale bebheke izindlela ezingcono. Ngokugxila ekusebenzeni kahle nasekunqandeni udoti, ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi okunciphile kusiza amaqembu asebenze ngobuhlakani, hhayi kanzima. Umphumela uba inqubo eyenziwe lula eyenza umsebenzi wenziwe ngokushesha nangezinsiza ezimbalwa.
IHybrid Project Management
Ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi ye-Hybrid kuyindlela ethatha izici ezinhle kakhulu ezindleleni ezahlukahlukene futhi ihlanganise ndawonye ukwenza indlela yomuntu siqu. Abantu abasebenzisa le ndlela bangaxuba indlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo sempophoma nokugxila kwethimba lokushesha ukubhekana nezidingo ezithile.
Ngamagama alula, ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi eyingxube kufana nokwenza iresiphi ekhethekile ngokukhetha izithako ezihlwabusayo ezitsheni ezahlukene. Ake ucabange ukwenza ikhekhe lapho ukhetha izingxenye ezinhle kakhulu zeresiphi yeshokoledi futhi uzihlanganise nezinto ezimnandi ze-recipe ye-vanilla. Ngokufanayo, ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi eyingxube kuhlanganisa amandla ezitayela ezahlukene zokuphatha amaphrojekthi ukwenza indlela eyingqayizivele nephumelelayo.
Isibonelo, kuthatha imvelo ehlelekile futhi ehlelekile yendlela yempophoma futhi ixube nokuguquguquka kanye nokusebenzisana kwendlela esheshayo. Ngale ndlela, amaqembu angasebenza ndawonye ngokushelela futhi alandele uhlelo olucacile ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi ehlanganisiwe kumayelana nokuthola ingxube efanele ukuze kuzuzwe impumelelo ngendlela evumelana nezidingo ezithile zephrojekthi.
Funda futhi: 6 Izibonelo Zeminyaka yobudala
Amamodeli Womjikelezo Wokuphila Wokuphathwa Kwephrojekthi
Ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi kubandakanya ukusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene zokuqondisa iphrojekthi kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo kuze kube sekupheleni. Kunamamodeli amahlanu omjikelezo wephrojekthi amakhulu angasetshenziswa kule njongo. Ezingxenyeni zangaphambili zalesi sihloko, sihlole amamodeli amabili okuqala: imodeli yempophoma kanye nemodeli eguquguqukayo. Manje, ake sihlole amamodeli amathathu asele:
- I-V-Model: Le modeli iwukuhluka kwemodeli yempophoma. Ilandela indlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo ekuqedeni iphrojekthi kodwa yethula isigaba sokuhlola ngemva komsebenzi ngamunye ngaphambi kokudlulela kokulandelayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye ihlolwa ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuqhubekela phambili.
- Imodeli ye-Spiral: Ukuhlanganisa izici zazo zombili impophoma namamodeli ashesha, imodeli evunguzayo yenza abaphathi bakwazi ukuhlukanisa iphrojekthi ibe imisebenzi emincane elandela ukulandelana okuthile. Le ndlela yokuphindaphinda ivumela ukuguquguquka nokulungiswa njengoba kudingeka kuwo wonke umjikelezo wempilo wephrojekthi.
- Imodeli yeHybrid: Imodeli eyingxube inikeza ukuguquguquka ngokuvumela abaphathi ukuthi bahlele indlela yabo ukuze ihambisane nezidingo ezihlukile zephrojekthi. Endabeni yemodeli eyingxube ephezulu, izakhi ezivela kuwo wonke amanye amamodeli zingahlanganiswa ukuze kubhekwane nezidingo ezithile zephrojekthi ngempumelelo.
Uhambo Lokuphatha Iphrojekthi
Yonke iphrojekthi ihamba ohambweni olubandakanya izinyathelo ezine ezibalulekile ngaphambi kokuthi ilungele abanikazi noma ababambiqhaza. Ake sihlole isinyathelo ngasinye:
1. Ukuqala Iphrojekthi: Isigaba sokuqala sibizwa ngesigaba sokuthwasa. Yilapho iphrojekthi iqala khona, nomqondo uyakhula. Ngalesi sigaba, imigomo yephrojekthi, ububanzi, kanye nemikhawulo kuyachazwa.
2. Ukuhlelela Impumelelo: Okulandelayo kuza isigaba sokuhlela. Lapha, ububanzi bephrojekthi kanye nesabelomali kuvezwa ngokucophelela. Kucabange njengokwakha umgwaqo ozolandelwa iphrojekthi. Lesi sinyathelo siqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe nokuthi izobiza malini.
3. Ukwenza Izinto: Isigaba sokwenza yilapho umsebenzi wangempela wenzeka khona. Kulapho-ke izinhlelo zezigaba ezedlule seziqala ukusebenza. Kufana nesigaba sokwakha sokwakha indlu - abakhi baqala ukwakha ngokusekelwe ezinhlelweni zomakhi.
4. Ukusonga: Isigaba sokugcina yisigaba sokuvala. Yilapho iphrojekthi eqediwe inikezwa ababambiqhaza. Kufana nokuqeda incwadi bese uyidlulisela komunye umuntu ukuthi ayifunde – umsebenzi usuphelile, manje sekuyisikhathi sokuthi abanye bahlomule emsebenzini onzima.
shiya impendulo