Izibonelo zezifundo zivame ukusetshenziswa abacwaningi, osomnotho, nabanye ukuze bathole izimpendulo zemibuzo emikhakheni eyahlukene. Lezi zifundo zihlanganisa izihloko eziningi, njengokuhlola ulwazi lweminyaka eminingi lwesimo sezulu ukuze kusize ngokongiwa kwemvelo noma ukudala imibono emisha kusayikholoji. Kulo mhlahlandlela, uzothola izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zesifundo esiyisibonelo, izinzuzo zazo, nezibonelo zezifundo ezibe yimpumelelo.
Izibonelo zezindaba zifana nezindaba ezinemininingwane ezisiza ochwepheshe baqonde kangcono izimo zomhlaba wangempela. Ziwusizo ezindaweni eziningi, njengokuthola indlela yokuvikela indawo ezungezile noma ukuqhamuka nemibono emisha emkhakheni wezengqondo. Ngokubheka izibonelo ezehlukene zezibonelo, ungafunda ngezindlela ezehlukene ochwepheshe abasebenzisa ngayo le ndlela ukuze bafunde futhi benze inqubekelaphambili emsebenzini wabo.
Ngakho-ke, uma ufisa ukwazi ukuthi izifundo eziyisibonelo zisetshenziswa kanjani ososayensi nabacabangi, lo mhlahlandlela uzokunikeza ukubuka konke okulula nokuqondakala kalula.
Yini I-Case Study?
I-case study iwukuhlola okuningiliziwe kwesihloko esithile, ngokuvamile okubandakanya amasethi ezinombolo ezihlukahlukene eziqoqwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abacwaningi basebenzisa le ndlela ukuze bafinyelele iziphetho ezisebenza emhlabeni wangempela. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, izifundo eziyizibonelo ziye zathuthukisa kakhulu ukuqonda kwethu okuphelele kwezindawo ezahlukahlukene ezifana imithi, isayensi yezombangazwe nezenhlalo, kanye nezomnotho.
Kulezi zifundo, abacwaningi baphenya ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto ezihlukene kanye nesihloko esimaphakathi. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukufunda indlela umuntu asabela ngayo emithini, ukuqonda indlela izwe elisabela ngayo ezinkingeni zezomnotho, noma ukuhlola umthelela wezibulala-zinambuzane ezitshalweni isikhathi eside.
Izibonelo zezifundo zincike kakhulu ekuqoqweni kwedatha nasekuqhubeni ucwaningo lwekhwalithi ukuze kubhekwane nemibono emikhakheni eyahlukene. Sekukonke, le ndlela inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ezimweni zomhlaba wangempela eziyinkimbinkimbi, okunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi iziyalo eziningi.
Izinzuzo Zezifundo Eziyisibonelo
Izibonelo zezifundo zinikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa ezizenza ithuluzi lokucwaninga elibalulekile. Nazi izinzuzo ezine ezibalulekile ezichazwe ngamagama alula:
1. Ukuqoqa Umcebo Wolwazi:
Ucwaningo oluyisibonelo lufana nenqolobane yedatha. Kukusiza ukuthi uqoqe isamba esikhulu solwazi mayelana nesihloko sakho, kwenze ucwaningo lwakho lugxile kakhulu emhlabeni wangempela. Isibonelo, uma wenza ucwaningo oluhlobene nebhizinisi, ungase uhlole imithombo yedatha eyahlukahlukene njengemibiko yezindleko, izitatimende zenzuzo nokulahlekelwa, namarekhodi okugcinwa kwamakhasimende. Le datha ehlukahlukene ikuvumela ukuthi ufinyelele iziphetho ngemibono eyahlukene, yengeze ukujula emininingwaneni yakho yempilo yangempela.
2. Ukuqhuba Izifundo Noma Kukuphi:
Into eyodwa enhle ngezifundo zamacala ukuthi awudingi ilebhu esezingeni eliphezulu ukuze uzenze. Abacwaningi bavame ukusebenzisa le ndlela ukuze bafunde izinto ezingakwazi ukuphindaphindwa endaweni yaselabhorethri elawulwayo. Cabanga nje uqaphela imikhuba yokuchitha yeqembu labantu ezinyangeni ezimbalwa - ucwaningo oluyisibonelo lwenza lolu hlobo lophenyo lomhlaba wangempela lufinyeleleke futhi lusebenze.
3. Ukunciphisa Ukuchema:
Izibonelo zezifundo zinhle kakhulu ekwehliseni ukuchema. Ngenxa yokuthi bathatha imibono ehlukahlukene, imibono yomuntu siqu yabacwaningi ayinawo amandla atheni kulokho okutholakele. Lokhu kungathathi hlangothi kuvumela ukuhlolwa okunenhloso okwengeziwe kwesifundo osiphethe.
4. Ukucacisa ukuxhumana:
Ngezibonelo zezifundo, ungakwazi ukulandelela izindlela zakho kokubili okuhle nokubi. Lokhu kulandelela kwenza imiphumela ethile iphindaphindeke, iqinisekiseke, futhi kube lula ukuyichaza. Kufana nokuxhuma amachashazi ukuze uqonde isithombe esikhulu, ukusiza abacwaningi nabafundi babone ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-elementi ahlukene ngokucacile.
Funda futhi: Uhlu Lwazo Zonke Izikole Zengqondo Yengqondo Ezichazwayo
Ukungalungi Kwezicwaningo
Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezibonelo zezifundo kuza nesethi yayo yemikhawulo, okudingeka ukuthi kubhekwe ngokucophelela izithiyo ezihlobene nale ndlela yocwaningo:
- Ukuhlanganisa Okukhawulelwe: Esinye isici esishiyekayo esivelele socwaningo yikhono lazo elilinganiselwe lokwenziwa ngokujwayelekile kubantu abaningi. Izimo ezihlukile zecala elilodwa kungenzeka zingameli amathrendi noma amaphethini abanzi.
- Ukungakwazi Ukubonisa Imbangela Nomphumela: Izibonelo zezifundo aziklanyelwe ukusungula imbangela. Ngenkathi behlinzeka ngokuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwecala elithile, bayasilela ekuboniseni ubudlelwano bembangela-nomphumela phakathi kokuguquguqukayo.
- Ukuntuleka Okungenzeka Kokuqina Kwesayensi: Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izifundo zecala zingase zintule ukuqina kwesayensi okutholakala kwezinye izindlela zocwaningo. Ukungabi bikho kwezilawuli eziqinile nezinqubo ezimisiwe kungaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokwethembeka nokuba semthethweni kokutholakele.
- Ubungozi bokuchema: Imvelo ye-subjective yocwaningo lwezimo yethula ubungozi bokuchema. Ukuchazwa kwabacwaningi kanye nezahlulelo kungase kube nomthelela emiphumeleni, okungase kubeke engcupheni injongo yocwaningo.
Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zezifundo
Izibonelo zezifundo ziyizindlela zocwaningo ezehlukene ezinikeza ukuqonda ezicini ezihlukahlukene zesifundo. Ake sihlole izinhlobo ezinhlanu ezahlukene:
1. I-Illustrative Case Study
Kulolu hlobo lwecala locwaningo, abacwaningi babheka ngokucophelela zonke izici zecala elithile, okuholela ekuhlaziyweni okujulile nokuphelele kwedatha eqoqiwe. Umgomo uwukunikeza ukuqonda okuphelele kwesihloko esiphenywayo.
2. I-Intrinsic Case Studies
Abacwaningi baqala izifundo zecala lapho benesithakazelo somuntu siqu esihlokweni. Isibonelo esihle ukuphawula kukaJean Piaget ngezingane zakhe siqu, ekhombisa ukuthi ukuzibandakanya komuntu siqu kungaba negalelo elikhulu kanjani ekuthuthukisweni kwezingane. imibono yezengqondo.
3. Indaba Ehlolayo
Ngokuyinhloko isetshenziselwa ukuhlonza imibuzo yocwaningo kanye nezindlela zekhwalithi zezifundo ezilandelayo, izibonelo zezifundo ezihlolayo zithola ukusetshenziswa njalo emkhakheni wesayensi yezepolitiki. Zisebenza njengesisekelo sokujula ezihlokweni ezithile kanye nokuhlola izindlela ezingaba khona zocwaningo lwangomuso.
4. Collective Case Studies
Izifundo eziyizibonelo eziqoqiwe zibandakanya ukuhlolwa kweqembu labantu ngabanye, kungaba kusimo esithile noma phakathi komphakathi wonke. Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, isibonelo, zingase ziphenye ukuthi ukufinyelela ezinsizeni emphakathini kuyithinta kanjani inhlalakahle yengqondo ehlangene yabahlali bawo.
5. I-Cumulative Case Study
Lolu hlobo luncike ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha yekhwalithi eqoqwe ngezikhathi ezihlukene. Ngokuphinda ubuyekeze izindlela zocwaningo zakudala noma izifundo, izibonelo zezifundo eziqoqiwe zingafinyelela iziphetho ezintsha, zibonise ukuvela kokuqonda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
6. I-Critical Instance Case Study
Idizayinelwe ukubhekana nemibuzo mayelana nembangela nemithelela yezehlakalo ezithile, izifundo eziyizimo ezibucayi zinikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhlolwa izehlakalo ezibekela inselele amaqiniso amisiwe. Banikela ekuqondeni okuguquguqukayo kwemibono eyingqayizivele ezungeze izehlakalo ezibalulekile.
7. Indaba Yokumaketha
Kugxilwe ekuhloleni imiphumela elinganisekayo yamasu okumaketha, imikhiqizo emisha, noma ezinye izinqumo zebhizinisi, izifundo zezindaba zokumaketha zinikeza imininingwane ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zifundo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekubumbeni izinqumo zebhizinisi zesikhathi esizayo kanye amasu marketing.
Funda futhi: Uhlu Lwezibonelo Zokuziphatha Kwezengqondo
Izibonelo Zezifundo Ezimweni Ezihlukene
Emikhakheni eyahlukene, izibonelo zezifundo zinikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ezimweni zempilo yangempela. Ake sihlole izibonelo ezintathu ezihlanganisa ukumaketha kokuqukethwe, i-neuroscience, ne-psychoanalysis.
I-1. Ukukhangisa Okuqukethwe
Kwezokumaketha, izifundo zezindaba zisebenza njengamathuluzi anamandla okukhombisa ukuthi amabhizinisi abhekana kanjani nezidingo ezithile zamakhasimende awo. Umgomo oyinhloko awukona nje ukusabalalisa ulwazi kodwa ukuheha amakhasimende amasha. Lezi zibonelo zezifundo kufanele zikhange ngokubukeka, zibe nezihloko ezicacile, amafonti akhangayo, kanye nedatha ye-infographic okulula ukuyiqonda. Kugxilwe ekuboniseni ukusebenza kahle kwempendulo yebhizinisi ezidingweni zamakhasimende.
2. Isayensi yezinzwa
Indaba kaPhineas Gage iyisibonelo esidabukisayo kodwa esikhanyiselayo ku-neuroscience. Ukusinda kukaGage engozini embi kajantshi kunikeze abacwaningi ithuba eliyingqayizivele lokubona izinguquko ekuziphatheni nasebuntwini bakhe. Izingxenye ezilimele zobuchopho bakhe, ikakhulukazi i-frontal lobe, zibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuxhumana phakathi kwalesi sifunda nokusebenza kwemizwelo. Lolu cwaningo lwecala, nakuba lungenakuphikiseka ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha endaweni yaselabhorethri, lwaba ukuhlola okudabukisayo okwanikela ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi yezinzwa nokunakekelwa kwezempilo.
3. I-Psychoanalysis
Izimpande zokwelashwa kwezingxoxo zesimanje zilandela emuva endabeni ephoqayo ka-Anna O, owaziwa nangokuthi u-Bertha Pappenheim. Ehlala eVienna ngo-1880, u-Bertha waqala ukubona izinto ezingekho kanye nokushintshashintsha kwemizwa. UJoseph Breuer, iphayona le-psychoanalysis, wamnakekela. Ngezikhathi eziningi lapho ayexoxa khona ngokukhululekile ngesimo sakhe somzwelo sangaphakathi nokwesaba, izimpawu zakhe zancipha kancane kancane. Isifundo se-Anna O kuvame ukuvunywa njengempumelelo yokuqala emkhakheni we-psychoanalysis.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwezehlakalo ludlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ezizindeni ezehlukene, ukusuka kwezokumaketha kuye kwisayensi yezengqondo kanye ne-psychoanalysis. Banikeza iwindi ngezimo zomhlaba wangempela, ezinikeza izifundo ezibalulekile nemininingwane enikela ekukhuleni nasekuqondeni inkambu ngayinye ngokulandelana kwayo.
Funda futhi: Iziqu eziyi-15 ezihamba phambili ze-inthanethi kuPsychology
Ibhalwa Kanjani Indaba Eyisibonelo
Ukufunda ukubhala indaba eyisibonelo kubalulekile, futhi kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukwenza. Izindlela ezimbili ezijwayelekile izindlela zocwaningo lwecala ezibhekwe phambili kanye nezokubuyela emuva.
Izifundo eziyisibonelo ezizokwenzeka zibandakanya ukubheka abantu noma amaqembu ukuze baqonde imiphumela. Isibonelo, abacwaningi bangabuka iqembu labantu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze bafunde ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo esithile. Le ndlela isiza ukukhomba amaphethini nezici ezithonya umphumela.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izifundo zezenzakalo ezibuyela emuva zihlaziya ulwazi lomlando. Abacwaningi baqala ngomphumela, njengesifo, bese bebuyela emuva empilweni yomuntu ukuze bathole izici eziyingozi ezibangela ukugula. Le ndlela inikeza ukuqonda ezicini okungenzeka ziholele ekuqalekeni kwesimo esithile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma ngabe ubuka izehlakalo njengoba zenzeka noma uhlola imininingwane edlule, ukuqonda zombili izindlela zocwaningo lwecala ongase ube nazo kanye ne-retrospective kubalulekile ekubhaleni okuyimpumelelo kwesifundo sendaba.
shiya impendulo