Kangangeenkulungwane, iintanda-bulumko bezinendima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni indlela esilibona ngayo ihlabathi nesicinga ngayo ngobomi. Nanamhla oku, izimvo zabo zisabalulekile. Ezona zithandi zobulumko zibalaseleyo kwimbali yonke ziye zasinika ukuqonda okuxabisekileyo ngengqondo yomntu kunye nehlabathi esiphila kulo. Phambi kokuba siphengulule iingcinga zezinye iintanda-bulumko ezaziwayo, masiqale siqonde ukuba yintoni na intanda-bulumko.
Ifilosofi kuphononongo lwemibuzo esisiseko malunga nobukho, ulwazi, imilinganiselo, ukuqiqa, ingqondo nolwimi. Ifuna ukuphonononga ubume bokwenene kunye nentsingiselo yobomi. Iingcali zobulumko zisebenzisa ukucinga okunzulu kunye nophando olunengqiqo ukuphonononga le miba inzulu yobukho bomntu. Ngeencwadi zabo kunye neemfundiso zabo, baye basinika ilifa elityebileyo eliqhubeka nokuchaphazela ukuqonda kwethu thina kunye nehlabathi.
Ngoku, makhe siphonononge uluhlu lwezona filosofi zibalaseleyo zalo lonke ixesha ezithe zanegalelo elikhulu kubulumko bethu obuhlangeneyo.
Yintoni Ifilosofi?
Ifilosofi ivela kumagama esiGrike athetha "ukuthanda ubulumko." Kufana nokuntywila nzulu ekuqondeni ulwazi, ubukho, kunye nobunyani. Yiba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wendlela yokucinga ngezinto ezibalulekileyo ezinje ngokuziphatha, indalo, ubuhle, nokunye. Iintanda-bulumko, okanye iinkcuba-buchopho ezinzulu, zicamngca ngezinto ezifana nokuba kuthetha ukuthini ukuba, ingqiqo, kunye neethiyori ezahlukeneyo.
Into epholileyo ngefilosofi kukuba ayisiyiyo nje iqela leengcamango zakudala. Iintanda-bulumko zicinga ngobukho bomntu, ngoko ke izifundo zabo zihlala zijikeleza nasemva kokuba zihambile. Yiyo loo nto iimfundiso zeentanda-bulumko ezilishumi eziphezulu ukusuka emva zisavakala nanamhlanje. Kufana nokuba bashiye ngasemva ubutyebi bobulumko esisenokufunda kubo. Ke, ukuba ukhe wazibuza ngemibuzo emikhulu ebomini, intanda-bulumko inokuba neempendulo zakho!
10 Izithandi Zobulumko Ezibalaseleyo
Fumanisa iingcinga ezinzulu kunye namabali asemva kwezinye zeentanda-bulumko ezinkulu zembali. Makhe sihlolisise iimfundiso ezilula kodwa ezinempembelelo zezi ngqondo zimangalisayo.
1. IAristotle
UAristotle, isithandi sobulumko esaziwayo esingumGrike, wayehlala eGrisi yaMandulo ukusuka ngowama-384 ukuya kowama-322 BC. Phantsi kolwalathiso lwesithandi sobulumko esidumileyo uPlato, uAristotle waba yipolymath, egqwesa kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo.
Ihlala inconywa njengenzululwazi yokuqala kwimbali, u-Aristotle wabhala ngaphezulu kwe-200 yemibhalo, kunye ne-31 ejikelezayo namhlanje. Imisebenzi yakhe eyahlukeneyo yayiquka intanda-bulumko yengqondo, imigaqo yokuziphatha, ithiyori yezopolitiko, i-aesthetics, kunye ne-rhetoric, kunye ne-empirical biology. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, waba negalelo elikhulu ekuphononongeni ngokweenkcukacha izityalo nezilwanyana.
Ilifa lika-Aristotle lokunyamezela lilele kumsebenzi wakhe osisiseko kwingqiqo, emele unyango lokuqala olucwangcisiweyo lwemigaqo yokuqiqa okuchanekileyo.
Ukongeza, wafumanisa iindlela ezintathu eziphambili zokuthetha: i-ethos (iinqobo zokuziphatha), iipathos (iimvakalelo), kunye neelogo (logic). Uphuhliso lwakhe lwethiyori yokutsalwa, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yi-syllogism, iseyeyona nto iphambili kwigalelo lakhe lobukrelekrele. Namhlanje, uAristotle uyabhiyozelwa ngokubumba iziseko zokuqala zezifundo ezahlukeneyo kunye nendima yakhe yobuvulindlela kwi ihlabathi lefilosofi.
2. I-Socrate
USocrates, isithandi sobulumko esingumGrike esiphuma eAthene, udla ngokunconywa njengovulindlela wentanda-bulumko yaseNtshona nesinye sezithandi zobulumko zamandulo. Igalelo lakhe ikakhulu likwintanda-bulumko yokuziphatha, emphawula njengentanda-bulumko yokuqala yokuziphatha kwesi sithethe. Nangona wayengenayo nayiphi na imisebenzi yakhe ebhaliweyo, iimfundiso zakhe ziye zalondolozwa ngeengxelo zabafundi bakhe, uXenophon noPlato.
USocrates wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwengxoxo kaSocrates, uhlobo loncwadi olusekelwe ekufundiseni ngobugcisa bokubuza imibuzo. Endaweni yeentetho zemveli, wayezibandakanya kwiincoko ezazikhuthaza ukucinga okunzulu kunye nokuzifumanisa.
Ngelishwa, iinkolelo zikaSocrates ezingaqhelekanga zakhokelela ekuweni kwakhe. Ngowama-399 BC, wajongana nesigwebo sentambo ngezityholo zokonakalisa ulutsha kunye nokungavumi ukuvuma oothixo abasemthethweni besixeko. Kwanakwimizuzu yakhe yokugqibela, uSocrates wahlala ezinikele kwimigaqo yakhe yefilosofi, eshiya ngasemva ilifa eliqhubeka liphembelela ingcinga nemfundo yaseNtshona.
3. Confucius
UConfucius, isithandi sobulumko saseTshayina yamandulo (770 – 481 BCE), wayekholelwa ekuphileni ubomi obulungileyo obusekelwe kwimigaqo yokuziphatha neyokuziphatha. Wayefuna wonk’ ubani afumane ithuba lokufunda, yaye ukufundisa wawenza umsebenzi ohlonelwayo. Lo mbono uhambelana nomsebenzi weYunivesithi yaBantu, njengoko zombini iConfucius kunye neyunivesithi zabelana ngenjongo efanayo yokwenza imfundo ifikeleleke kuye wonke umntu.
UConfucius naye waseka Confucianism, inkqubo yenkolelo esekelwe kwimigaqo yokuziphatha neyokuziphatha. Imigaqo engundoqo yobuConfucius, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yimigaqo yakhe yokuziphatha iquka okusesikweni, ukulunga, ukungabi nabudoda, nokuhlonela ukuzimela geqe. Phakathi kweemfundiso zakhe, kukho iimpawu ezintlanu ezibalaseleyo: ububele, ubulungisa, ukuthembeka, ukulunga nobulumko.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, uConfucius wayekholelwa ekubeni ngumntu olungileyo nokuphatha abanye ngobubele nangokunyaniseka. Wayecinga ukuba imfundo nokuphila okusesikweni kubalulekile kuluntu olumanyeneyo. Iimfundiso zakhe ziyaqhubeka ziphembelela kwaye zikhuthaza abantu kwihlabathi liphela ukuba bazabalazele ubomi obungcono nobulungileyo.
4. Lao-Tzu
ULao-Tzu, isithandi sobulumko esibalulekileyo, wayila ithiyori enxibelelene ngokusondeleyo nobuTao, inkqubo yenkolelo eyaqala malunga nowama-500 BCE kwiTshayina yaMandulo. UbuTao bubethelela ukuphila ngemvisiswano kwezilwanyana nabantu kwindalo iphela. ULao-Tzu, owabhala incwadi eyintloko yobuTao, naye wavelisa ingcamango yokungafi kokomoya, ebonisa ukuba umphefumlo awufi kodwa udibana nendalo iphela emva kokufa. Wayekhuthaza ukuphila ngokuvisisana ne-chi (okanye qi), amandla akhokela indalo iphela.
Intanda-bulumko yobuTao iquka umgaqo wokulungelelanisa amandla, afuziselwa yi-yin neyang. Le ngcamango ibonisa indlela imikhosi echasayo, enjengokukhanya nobumnyama, ubushushu nokubanda, isenzo nokungasebenzi, esebenzisana ngayo ukuze kubekho ucwangco ehlabathini. Ngenkulungwane yesi-8 yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, ubuTao baguqukela ekubeni lunqulo lomnombo wamaTang. Phezu kwako nje ukuba lelinye leenkonzo eziphambili zaseTshayina ezihambisana nobuConfucius nobuBhuda, ubuTao bajamelana nengcinezelo ebudeni bolawulo lwamaKomanisi ngowe-1959.
Funda kwakhona: Yintoni Ukugxekwa Kwezentlalo? Iindidi zokugxekwa kweNtlalo
5. UJohn Locke
UJohn Locke, umphengululi waseYurophu ngenkulungwane ye-17, wayesebenza eOxford waza waphanda kuphando lwezonyango. Udume ngamagalelo akhe ekuKhanyiseni nasekuqhubeleni phambili inkululeko.
Locke walithethelela ngokuqinileyo ilungelo lomntu wonke lobomi, inkululeko, nempahla, eyigatya ingcamango yelungelo lobuthixo lookumkani. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukuba umlawuli akawahloneli la malungelo, abantu babenegunya lokumguzula ukumkani besebenzisa izigalo. Eyona nkolelo yakhe yayikukuba olona xanduva lukarhulumente kukuphumeza iimfuno zabantu.
Iingcamango zikaLocke zabeka isiseko sengcamango yorhulumente olinganiselweyo, egxininisa ukubaluleka kokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Iingcamango zakhe ezinempembelelo kulawulo kunye namalungelo oluntu ziyaqhubeka zibumba ifilosofi yezopolitiko kunye nokuqonda ubudlelwane phakathi kwabalawuli nabalawulwa.
6. UFriedrich Nietzsche
UFriedrich Nietzsche, isithandi sobulumko saseJamani, washiya uphawu oluphawulekayo kwihlabathi laseNtshona ngemibhalo yakhe eyayigubungela imixholo eyahlukahlukeneyo njengenzululwazi, ubugcisa, inkcubeko nembali. Wayenempembelelo enkulu kwi-existentialism kunye ne-surrealism, iintshukumo ezimbini eziye zavela emva kweminikelo yakhe.
Ifilosofi engundoqo kaNietzsche, i-nihilism, ibonisa ukuba yonke into, kuquka ubomi, ayinantsingiselo yendalo. Le ngcamango ibe nempembelelo ehlala ihleli, ibumba iintshukumo zefilosofi kunye nezobugcisa ezalandela kwiminyaka emva kwexesha lakhe. Iingcinga zakhe zabangela ukuba kuhlolisiswe ngokutsha iinkolelo zesithethe zaza zavula indlela yokuba neembono ezintsha ngobukho.
Ngamazwi alula, uNietzsche wayekholelwa ukuba ubomi abunanjongo emiselwe kwangaphambili. Le ngcamango yaphembelela abaninzi ukuba bathandabuze izithethe ezimiselweyo baze baphonononge iingcamango ezingaqhelekanga. Umphumo wentanda-bulumko yakhe wanda kwintshukumo ekhoyo kunye ne-surrealist, ibumba indlela abantu abalijonga ngayo ilizwe elibangqongileyo. Namhlanje, iingcamango zikaNietzsche ziyaqhubeka zifundwa kwaye zixoxwa, zimenza abe ngumntu ophawulekayo kwimbali yefilosofi.
7. UKarl Marx
UKarl Marx uthathwa njengenye yeentanda-bulumko ezibalaseleyo. UngowaseJamani kwaye wayehlala ngeminyaka yoo-1800. Wavelisa ingcamango kaMarx, ingcamango ngebutho labantu, ezobupolitika kunye nemali. UMarx wayecinga ukuba kuluntu kukho umlo phakathi kwamaqela amabini: abasebenzi kunye nezityebi ezingabanini bamashishini.
Wayekholelwa ukuba ngenye imini, abasebenzi baya kuvukela izityebi kumlo omkhulu. Kulo mlo, abasebenzi babeza kulawula uqoqosho. UMarx wathetha kakhulu ngobukomanisi, inkqubo apho yonke into yabelwa wonke umntu, yaye kungekho propati yabucala.
Iingcamango zikaMarx zazinamandla kakhulu, yaye waduma ngokuxhasa ubukomanisi. Wayefuna ukutshintsha indlela uluntu olusebenza ngayo ukuze wonke umntu aphathwe ngokufanelekileyo. Iingcinga zikaMarx zaba nefuthe kubantu abaninzi ehlabathini lonke.
8. URalph Waldo Emerson
URalph Waldo Emerson, isithandi sobulumko saseMelika, umhlohli, umcimi-mthetho, nombhali wezincoko, wenza impembelelo enkulu eluntwini. Elona galelo lakhe libalulekileyo sisincoko esinesihloko esithi “UkuZimela.” Ephila kwiminyaka yoo-1800, wabelana ngokufana nabantu ababephila ngexesha laseBritani Romantic, egxininisa unxibelelwano olunzulu phakathi koThixo, uluntu kunye nendalo.
Umsebenzi ka-Emerson unamandla okuguqula, ukhuthaza abafundi ukuba babeke ithemba kwisigqibo sabo ngaphezu kwayo yonke into. Iimbono zakhe zihambelana nokubaluleka komntu ngamnye kunye nokuzithemba, ekhuthaza abantu ukuba bakholelwe kumandla abo. Ngemibhalo yakhe, u-Emerson ufaka ingqiqo yokuxhotyiswa, ekhuthaza ukuzimela komntu kunye namandla avela ekuzilungelelaniseni kunye nehlabathi lendalo.
Ngaphezu koko, impembelelo kaRalph Waldo Emerson ihamba ngaphaya kwexesha lakhe, ishiya ilifa elihlala lihlala likhuthaza ukuzithemba kunye nokudibanisa kwabantu ngabanye kunye nobuthixo kunye nendalo. Ugxininiso lwakhe ekuzithembeni luqhubeka lukhuthaza kwaye lukhokela abo bafuna ukuhamba ngeendlela ezinzima zobomi ngokuzithemba kunye nokuzimela.
9. Immanuel Kant
U-Immanuel Kant, intanda-bulumko edumileyo ukusuka ngo-1724 ukuya kowe-1804 kufutshane noLwandle lweBaltic, waziwa ngemisebenzi yakhe kwiSizathu esiSebenzayo, iSiqiqiso esinyulu, kunye naMandla oMgwebo. UKant wayekholelwa ukuba ukumisela ukuziphatha kwezenzo kuxhomekeke ekufezekiseni umsebenzi wethu kunokugxila kwimiphumo. Umgaqo wakhe osisiseko wokuziphatha ugxininisa ukuba ukuqiqa ngokuziphatha kubaluleke ngaphezu kwezinye iindlela zokuqiqa.
Umbono kaKant kumaziko okuziphatha kwingcamango yokuba izenzo zilungile okanye azilunganga ngokusekelwe ekubeni sizalisekisa umsebenzi wethu, kungekhona kwiziphumo zezenzo zethu. Ngokomthetho wakhe osisiseko wokuziphatha, ukuqiqa ngokuziphatha kubaluleke ngakumbi kunayo nayiphi na enye indlela yokuqiqa.
Ngokubanzi, ifilosofi kaKant igxininisa ukubaluleka komsebenzi kunye nesibophelelo sokuziphatha ekuvavanyeni ubume bokuziphatha kwezenzo zethu. Ilifa lakhe liphawulwa ngokugxininiswa okucacileyo ukongama kwengqiqo yokuziphatha kummandla wokuziphatha.
Funda kwakhona: Uluhlu lwazo zonke iZikolo zeNgcinga zeNgcinga ezicacisiweyo
10. Epicurus
UEpicurus, isithandi sobulumko esingumGrike esasiphila ukususela ngowama-341 ukusa kowama-27 B.C.E., waseka intanda-bulumko yamaEpikure, eyayinempembelelo enkulu. Wagxininisa iimfundiso zakhe kwingcamango yokuba eyona njongo yobomi bomntu lulonwabo, olufumaneka ngokungabikho kokuphazamiseka engqondweni nasemzimbeni.
Ngokutsho kukaEpicurus, undoqo kubomi obanelisayo kukufuna uyolo, kungekhona nje ukusebenzisa ingqiqo. Wayesithi ulonwabo lokwenene lolona lulungileyo ebantwini. Wabonisa ukuba iminqweno engekho ngqiqweni ingumthombo wokuxhalaba, ebonisa ukuba ngokuphelisa uloyiko lwesohlwayo nokufa, ubani unokuthomalalisa ixhala aze afumane ulonwabo lokwenene. U-Epicurus ugxininise ukubaluleka kokuqonda nokulawula iminqweno yokukhokela umxholo kunye nobomi obonwabisayo. Iimfundiso zakhe zikhuthaza indlela elungeleleneyo yokuzonwabisa, ukukhwebula ukuzifica ngokugqithiseleyo nokungeyomfuneko.
Nje, UbuEpikure, njengoko ikhuthazwa yi-Epicurus, ikhuthaza ubomi obuzinikezele kulonwabo, olungenakuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye neentlungu zomzimba, ezifunyenwe ngokusukela ngokucinga ukuzonwabisa kunye nokupheliswa koloyiko olungenangqiqo.
isiphelo
Uninzi lweengcamango kunye nefilosofi yezinye zezofilosofi ezinkulu kwixesha lonke zihlala zifanelekile kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Aba bacinga bamandulo babe negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu ubuntu kunye nendlela esisebenzisana ngayo nathi, abanye, indalo kunye nobuthixo.
Impembelelo engapheliyo yezona zithandi zobulumko ziyaqhubeka ukubumba indlela yethu yokucinga kwaye isikhuthaza ukuba sicamngce imibuzo ngeendlela ezintsha nezinzulu. Baye basinika imigaqo ekhokelayo ephembelela indlela esiziphatha ngayo eluntwini, ibumba iingcamango zethu ngorhulumente, imibongo, imfundo, imathematika nenzululwazi, yaye ikhuthaza uhlolisiso lwethu kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi.
Ezi ziseko zefilosofi ziye zangqineka zinyamezele, zisinika ukuqonda okuxabisekileyo okunyamezelekayo ukutyhubela iminyaka. Njengoko sijongana nobunzima behlabathi lethu lanamhlanje, ubulumko bezi ngxilimbela zefilosofi busebenza njengesikhokelo esingaphelelwa lixesha sosukelo lwethu lwengqondo nokuziphatha.
Shiya iMpendulo