Ngowe-1955, uRosa Parks wayebuya emsebenzini evenkileni. Ibilusuku olude, kodwa uParks wayengadinwanga kunesiqhelo, njengoko wachazayo kamva. Ukudinwa kwakubangelwa kukunyamezela iminyaka yocalucalulo nentiyo yobuhlanga.
Ngaloo mini, xa umqhubi webhasi wamcela ukuba ancame isihlalo sakhe ukuze akhwele abantu abamhlophe, uRosa wagqiba kwelokuba unyamezele ngokwaneleyo. Ukwala kwakhe ukufuduka kwaphembelela inkqubo yesizwe yokulwa neqela ubuhlanga obunzulu eUnited States.
Siza kujonga iinyaniso ezili-15 ezibalulekileyo malunga neRosa Parks, umntu obalulekileyo kwintshukumo yamaLungelo oLuntu.
Iinyani malunga neRosa Parks
1. Ngowe-1955, iRosa Parks yajongana nokubanjwa ngenxa yesenzo esilula sokuchasa
Ngomhla woku-1 kuDisemba, uPaki wayesendleleni egodukayo evela emsebenzini xa ejongene nemithetho yocalucalulo yenkqubo yeebhasi.
Ibhasi ikhethe iindawo ezikhethekileyo zabakhweli abamhlophe nabaMnyama, abamhlophe behleli kwimigca engaphambili kwaye abantu abaMnyama banyanzelwa ukuba bahlale ngasemva. URosa wayilandela imithetho kodwa wacelwa ngumqhubi webhasi ukuba abuyele emva ukuze amkele abakhweli abamhlophe. Egatya le mfuno ingekho sikweni, uRosa wala ukuncama isihlalo sakhe.
Ngenxa yoko, kwabizwa amapolisa, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni abanjwe. Esi siganeko, esibonakala siqhelekile, saba ngumzuzu obalulekileyo kwimbali njengoko sabangela iMontgomery Bus Boycott kwaye yadlala indima ebalulekileyo Intshukumo yamaLungelo oLuntu, icel’ umngeni imithetho yocalucalulo lobuhlanga.
Ukuphonononga esi siganeko kusinceda siqonde ifuthe elinzulu lokuma kwenkalipho komntu omnye ngokuchasene nokungekho sikweni.
2. I-Rosa Parks ikhunjulwa "njengoMama woMbutho wamaLungelo oLuntu" ngenxa yoqhanqalazo lwakhe olubalulekileyo.
I-Civil Rights Movement yayilinyathelo elibaluleke kakhulu kwi-1900s yokuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unamalungelo alinganayo eMelika.
Emva kokuba ubukhoboka bupheliswe ekupheleni kweMfazwe yombango, abantu abaMnyama eMelika bafumana impatho engalunganga. Bohlulwe kuMhlophe baseMelika kwiindawo ezinjengezikolo, kwaye kunjalo, kumalungiselelo ezihlalo kwiibhasi.
Ukususela ngowe-1954 ukuya kutsho ngowe-1968, kwakukho intshukumo enkulu yokutshintsha izinto nokuzenza zibengcono.
Isenzo sikaRosa Parks sasiyinxalenye enkulu yolu tshintsho. Akazange asincame isihlalo sakhe ebhasini, ibe loo nto yatshintsha. Emva koko, abantu abaninzi baqhankqalaza bengafuni ukuba abantu abaNtsundu bahlukane, kwaye abazange basebenzise iibhasi unyaka wonke.
Ekugqibeleni, kwakukho ityala lenkundla elathi kwakungafanelekanga ukugcina abantu bahlukeneyo kwiibhasi zaseAlabama. Isenzo sobukroti sikaRosa Parks sanceda ekwenzeni izinto zibengcono kubantu abaMnyama kwaye sabonisa indlela olunamandla ngayo uqhankqalazo olunoxolo.
3. IRosa Parks yajongana nengxaki yezomthetho emva kokubanjwa kwayo
ED Nixon, inkokeli ye-Alabama NAACP, yaye amanye amahlakani ancedisa ekumkhululeni ngokumhlawula ibheyile kamsinya nje emva kokubanjwa kwakhe. Kwiintsuku nje ezine, uRosa wazibona sele esenkundleni. Ukuphendula, i-NAACP iququzelele ukutshatyalaliswa kwenkqubo yebhasi, ikhuthaza abantu ukuba bayeke ukuyisebenzisa kwaye endaweni yoko bakhethe ezinye iindlela zokuhamba ezifana nokuhamba okanye ukuthatha i-cab ukubonisa ubumbano kunye noRosa.
Phezu kwayo nje le migudu, idabi likaRosa elingokwasemthethweni laphela kakubi, inkundla yawisa isigwebo nxamnye naye yaza yamhlawulisa ii-$14.00. Nangona kunjalo, oku kusilela akuzange kuphawule ukuphela kohambo lukaRosa. Ibali lakhe laqhubeka lichukumisa kwaye likhuthaza abanye abangenakubalwa kumzabalazo oqhubekayo wamalungelo oluntu.
4. Ukwala kukaRosa Parks ukuncama isihlalo sakhe kwibhasi eyahlukanisiweyo kube nefuthe elibalulekileyo kugwayimbo lwebhasi yaseMontgomery.
Emva kokuqukunjelwa kwetyala likaRosa, amatshantliziyo agqiba kwelokuba aqhubeke noqhankqalazo oluchasene nenkqubo yebhasi engafanelekanga. Badibana ukuze benze iMontgomery Improvement Association (MIA), ngenjongo yokuququzelela kunye nokukhokela ugwayimbo. UMartin Luther King Omnci., owayeneminyaka nje engama-26 ubudala ngelo xesha, wanyulwa njengomongameli wayo.
I-Rosa Parks idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwi-MIA, isebenza kwibhodi yesigqeba kwaye isebenza ngokufutshane njenge-dispatcher. Kwindima yakhe ye-dispatcher, uncedise abathathi-nxaxheba kuqhankqalazo ngokubadibanisa nokukhwela ukuya emsebenzini, esikolweni, nakwezinye izibophelelo. I-MIA iphumeze inkqubo ye-carpool, isebenzisa iimoto zabucala ezingaphezu kwama-300 kunye neenqwelo zezikhululo ezingama-22 ezibonelelwa ziicawe.
Le ndlela intsha yaqinisekisa ukuba abantu abamalunga nama-30,000 bafumana ezothutho ababezifuna yonke imihla. Iinzame ezihlangeneyo ze-MIA kunye namalungu ayo abonise amandla emibutho yoluntu ekuceleni umngeni ulwahlulo kunye nokukhuthaza amalungelo oluntu.
5. IRosa Parks yaphinda yabanjwa ngowe-1956
Ngomhla wama-21 kuFebruwari waloo nyaka, inkundla enkulu yaseMontgomery yamangalela iRosa Parks, kunye no-ED Nixon, uMartin Luther King Omnci., kunye nabanye abangama-86, phantsi Umthetho wokuNqanda uKwayelwa kweAlabama. Lo mthetho wenze ukuba akukho mthethweni ukuthabatha inxaxheba kugwayimbo lwebhasi ababelukhokela. Ezi zityholo zibangelwa kukubandakanyeka kwabo kuqhanqalazo oluchasene nocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga.
Imifanekiso eyaziwayo yeRosa Parks, ebandakanya i-mugshot yakhe kunye nefoto apho ithathwa khona iminwe, inxulunyaniswe noku kubanjwa ngo-1956, hayi uqhanqalazo lokuqala ngoDisemba 1, 1955.
Le mifanekiso yemifanekiso ibamba umzuzu obalulekileyo kwi-Civil Rights Movement, ebonisa imiphumo yomthetho ejongene neePaki kunye nabanye abaphikisana nemithetho yocalucalulo ngokuchasana nokungabikho kobundlobongela.
6. IRosa Parks yafumana udumo olukhulu ngenxa yokwala ukuncama isihlalo sayo sebhasi, kodwa yayingengowasetyhini wokuqala ukumelana nocalucalulo.
Ngowe-1955, uClaudette Colvin owayeneminyaka eli-15 ubudala wenza okufanayo ngokungafuni ukunikezela isihlalo sakhe kwibhinqa elimhlophe waza wabanjwa.
Nangona iRosa Parks yayixhasa injongo kaClaudette, ezinye iinkokeli zamalungelo oluntu zazicinga ukuba uClaudette, ochazwa “njengonobufebe,” yayingengommangali ofanelekileyo kwityala elibanzi. Nangona kunjalo, uRosa wahlala engumlingane omdala othembekileyo kuClaudette ngexesha lehlobo emva kokubanjwa kwakhe.
Ngoxa ibali likaClaudette lisenokungaziwa ngokubanzi njengelikaRosa, libe nempembelelo enkulu. Ngo-1956, uClaudette waba ngomnye wabamangali kwiBrowder v Gayle, ityala lomdibaniso elathi ekugqibeleni lakhokelela ekuyekisweni kwenkqubo yebhasi yaseMontgomery. La mabali agxininisa ubunzima kunye nentsebenziswano emva kweengcaphuno ezaziwayo kunye nezenzo kwintshukumo yamalungelo oluntu.
Funda kwakhona: UKristina Sunshine Jung: I-Bio yentombi kaGeorge Jung
7. Kwasebuncinaneni bakhe, uRosa Parks, owayesakuba nguRosa McCauley, wayelwazi ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga.
Uzalelwe kwiNqanaba lePine, e-Alabama, ukhule ecaleni kukanina, umnakwabo, kunye nootatomkhulu noomakhulu. Ubuntwana bakhe badibana nokwanda kogonyamelo lobuhlanga emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba utatomkhulu wakhe eme everanda, exhobe ngompu, ejonge iKu Klux Klan. Njengoko uRosa wayefunda ubuchule obubalulekileyo njengokuthunga, ukupheka nokucoca, wayekwachitha ixesha “ehlala elindile” notatomkhulu wakhe.
Ekhokelwa ziimfundiso zikayisemkhulu, uRosa waba nembono eqinileyo nxamnye nokwamkela ukuphathwa kakubi. Kwesinye isiganeko kwasebuntwaneni bakhe, inkwenkwe emhlophe yamsongela, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba uRosa enze okuthile. Engoyiki, wachola isitena, emoyikisa ngempumelelo le nkwenkwe. La mava angaphambili abumba ukuqonda kukaRosa Parks ngokungalingani ngokobuhlanga kunye nokungabikho kokusesikweni, ebeka isiseko sokutshatyalaliswa kwakhe kamva kwintshukumo yamalungelo oluntu.
8. IRosa Parks yayinomninawa omncinci ogama linguSylvester James McCauley, owayeneminyaka emibini emncinci kuye.
USylvester wakhonza kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ethabatha inxaxheba kwimidlalo yeqonga yaseYurophu nakwiPasifiki. Emva kwemfazwe, wafudukela eDetroit kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, uDaisy, kwaye kunye bakhulisa abantwana abalishumi elinesithathu. USylvester waziphilisa ngokuba ngumchweli kwaye wasebenzela iChrysler Motor Company.
Enye yeentombi zikaSylvester, uSheila McCauley Keys, wabhala incwadi enesihloko esithi "U-Anti Wethu uRosa: Intsapho yaseRosa Parks ikhumbula ubomi bakhe kunye nezifundo," epapashwe ngo-2015. phakathi kosapho. Ngalo msebenzi, uSheila ubamba undoqo wempembelelo kamakazi wakhe, esenza imbeko eyongeza ekuqondweni kwelifa leRosa Parks.
9. URosa Parks noRaymond Parks batshata ngowe-1932 emva kokuba enze isindululo ngomhla wabo wesibini.
Bobabini babengamatsha ntliziyo, uRaymond ebandakanyeka ngokunzulu ekuxhaseni ukhuselo lweScottsboro Boys, abakwishumi elivisayo abaNtsundu abalithoba abatyholwa ngokudlwengula.
Wasebenza kumalungelo abasebenzi eMontgomery kwaye waqokelela imali ngenxa yesizathu. Intshukumo yayiyingozi, ikhokelela abaxhasi ukuba badibane kwiindawo ezifihlakeleyo. Ukudlulisa iinkcukacha zentlanganiso, uRaymond wasebenzisa indlela elumkileyo-ema phambi kwesibane esithile esitalatweni aze abophe isihlangu sakhe ngendlela ethile. Ngothando uRosa wambiza ngokuba “ngoyena tshantliziyo lokwenene endakha ndadibana naye.”
Ukuzibophelela kwesi sibini kubulungisa nokulingana kubumbe ubomi baso, impembelelo kaRaymond yokuqala yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindima kaRosa kamva njengophawu lwamalungelo oluntu. Izenzo ezibonakala ziqhelekile zokubopha isihlangu okanye ukuma ecaleni kwesibane sasesitalatweni zibambe ukubaluleka okunamandla kuhambo lwabo lokulwa ngobutshantliziyo.
10. IRosa Parks yenza imisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo ebomini bakhe
Ngo-1933, wafumana idiploma yesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, impumelelo enqabileyo kubantu abamnyama ngelo xesha. Phezu kwayo nje imfundo yakhe, ukufumana umsebenzi olingana nemfundo yakhe kwaba lucelomngeni. URosa wathabatha iindima ezinjengommeli weinshorensi, umabhalana waseofisini, umncedisi wabongikazi, nomsebenzi wasemakhitshini.
Ukongezelela, wayesenza umsebenzi wokuthunga ekhaya ukuze axhase umvuzo wakhe. Izakhono zokuthunga zikaRosa zakhuliswa ngumama wakhe kunye nomakhulu wakhe ozala umama, bobabini abenzi bobuchule bokuthunga abaye badlulisela ulwazi lwabo kuye. Ngaphaya koko, wafumana uqeqesho lokuthunga olusesikweni kwiMontgomery Industrial School for Girls phambi kokuba agqibe imfundo yakhe.
11. IRosa Parks idume ngokwala kwakhe ukuncama isihlalo sakhe sebhasi, kodwa ubutshantliziyo bakhe baqala kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.
Emuva ngo-1943, wajoyina i-Montgomery NAACP njengonobhala. Indima kaRosa yayiquka ukuphanda amatyala anento yokwenza nenkohlakalo yamapolisa, ukubulala, ukudlwengula nocalulo ngokobuhlanga. Ngokucacileyo, wabamba ityala elibandakanya ukuxhwilwa kunye nokudlwengulwa kowasetyhini omnyama oneminyaka engama-24 ubudala. Ejongene nokwala kwamapolisa asekuhlaleni ukutshutshisa abenzi bobubi, uRosa, egameni leMontgomery NAACP, wazithathela ezandleni zakhe izinto.
Ukujongana nokungabikho kokusesikweni, waseka iKomiti yoBulungisa obuLinganayo kwaye walungiselela umkhankaso wokubhala ileta kwirhuluneli yase-Alabama. Nangona ekugqibeleni kwabizwa inkundla ekhethekileyo, abahlaseli abazange babekwe tyala ngokusemthethweni. Ngenxa yokuzinikela kwakhe, uRosa wamiselwa njengonobhala wokuqala welizwe le-NAACP ngowe-1948.
12. Ukulandela uloyiso lokukwaywa kweebhasi zaseMontgomery, iRosa Parks yadibana nemiqobo ebalulekileyo eyamnyanzela ukuba alishiye ilizwe lakowabo.
Ngaphandle kwesiphumo esiyimpumelelo sokukwaywa, okwakhokelela ekubeni kubhengezwe ngokungekho mthethweni ucalucalulo kwizithuthi zikawonke-wonke, uRosa nomyeni wakhe, uRaymond, bajamelana nobunzima. Baphulukana nemisebenzi yabo baza basokola ukufumana umsebenzi, lonke elo xesha babejamelene nezisongelo zokubulawa.
Kwiinyanga ezisibhozo emva kokuphela kolu qhankqalazo, uRosa, uRaymond, nomama kaRosa bafudukela eDetroit, eMichigan, apho umntakwabo Rosa wayehlala khona. Nangona bafumene ukuphucuka okuthile, ubuhlanga buqhubela phambili nakwaMantla, nto leyo edala imicelimngeni kwesi sibini ngokuphathelele kwingqesho nezindlu ezizinzileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kobu bunzima, iRosa Parks yahlala iqinile ekuzibopheleleni kwakhe ekukhuthazeni ukulingana ngokobuhlanga kunye nenkululeko.
13. I-Rosa Parks yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni uJohn Conyers, igqwetha eliselula laseMichigan, ngexesha lohambo lwakhe lwezopolitiko.
Emuva kwi-1960s, i-Conyers yayiyi-underdog kwiphulo lesihlalo esitsha se-Congressional eMichigan. Ngaphandle kwezinto ezingathandekiyo, uRosa Parks, eqhutywa ziinqobo zakhe zokwabelana ngabasebenzi kunye noConyers, wavolontiya kwiphulo lakhe.
Ngomnyaka we-1965, uConyers akazange alindele ulindelo kwaye waphuma ephumelele kunyulo. Eqonda ukuzinikezela kwePaki, wamqesha ngokukhawuleza ukuba asebenze kwiofisi yakhe yaseDetroit. Oku kwaphawula inguqu ebalulekileyo kwiiPaki, njengoko yaba ngumsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ozinzileyo emva kweMontgomery Bus Boycott. I-Rosa Parks iqhubekile ukufaka isandla kwi-ofisi kaConyers de kube ngumhlalaphantsi wakhe ngo-1988, ebonisa intsebenziswano ehlala ixesha elide eyaqala ngokuzibophezela okwabelwanayo kubulungisa bentlalo kunye namalungelo abasebenzi.
Funda kwakhona: 50 Uninzi lwabantu abadumileyo abavela eMexico
14. IRosa Parks yayibambe icawa nonqulo entliziyweni yakhe
Ukuze umbambe njengetshantliziyo, kubalulekile ukuba ubambe ukholo lwakhe lobuKristu. Ekukhuleni kwakhe waya kwiMount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church ePine Level. Naxa wayesele ekhulile, ukholo lwakhe lwahlala lomelele.
Kwincwadi yakhe ethi, “Amandla Azolileyo: Ukholo, Ithemba Nentliziyo Yomfazi Owatshintsha Uhlanga,” uRosa wayibethelela intsingiselo yecawa. Wayeyibona njengendawo ekhuselekileyo apho abantu babenokuhlanganisana khona baze bafunde ngaphandle kokujongana nempatho engafanelekanga. URosa wayichaza icawa “njengesiseko soluntu lwethu.”
Yayingeyondawo nje yonqulo; kulapho abantu babefumana inkxaso, ulwazi, kunye nokulingana. Ukholo lukaRosa lwalungahlukanga kubutsha-ntliziyo bakhe; kunoko, kwaphembelela uzimiselo lwakhe lokulwela ubulungisa nokulingana. Ukuqonda amazwi akhe ngecawe kunika ukuqonda kwiindlela ezixabisekileyo kunye neenkolelo ezikhokele izenzo zakhe kwintshukumo yamalungelo oluntu.
15. Kunyaka ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, uRosa Parks kwafunyaniswa ukuba unesifo sengqondo esixhalabisayo esathi saba mandundu ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Wafa ngenxa yezizathu zendalo. Abantu abaninzi baye bamkhumbula emva kokuba eswelekile. Umzimba wakhe wabekwa e-US Capitol Rotunda eWashington, DC, apho wawujongwe luluntu.
Yayiliwonga elibalulekileyo eli, njengoko wayengumfazi wokuqala kwaye engowesibini umntu oNtsundu ukufumana eli xabiso. Kuzo zombini iDetroit neMontgomery, kwenziwa amalungiselelo akhethekileyo kwiibhasi zokugcina izihlalo ezingaphambili, eziphawulwe ngeeribhoni ezimnyama, ukukhumbula isenzo sakhe senkalipho ebhasini kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambili.
Xa kwangcwatywa uRosa Parks, wangcwatywa phakathi komyeni wakhe uRaymond, owayesweleke ngowe-1977, kunye nomama wakhe. Eli yayilixesha elizolileyo nelindilisekileyo kwabo babencoma ubugorha nokuzimisela kwakhe ekumeleni amalungelo oluntu. Ubomi beRosa Parks buyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza abantu kwihlabathi liphela.
Shiya iMpendulo