Sekungamakhulu eminyaka izazi zefilosofi zinendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni indlela esibona ngayo izwe nesicabanga ngayo ngokuphila. Ngisho nanamuhla, imibono yabo isabalulekile. Izazi zefilosofi ezinkulu nezinethonya elikhulu kuwo wonke umlando zisinikeze ukuqonda okubalulekile ngomqondo womuntu kanye nomhlaba esiphila kuwo. Ngaphambi kokuba sijule emicabangweni yezazi zefilosofi ezaziwayo, ake siqale siqonde ukuthi ifilosofi imayelana nani.
Ifilosofi iwukufunda imibuzo eyisisekelo ngobukhona, ulwazi, izindinganiso, ukucabanga, ingqondo, nolimi. Ifuna ukuhlola ubunjalo beqiniso kanye nenjongo yokuphila. Izazi zefilosofi zisebenzisa ukucabanga okujulile kanye nophenyo oluphusile ukuze zihlole lezi zici ezijulile zobukhona bomuntu. Ngemibhalo yabo nezimfundiso zabo, basishiyele ifa elicebile eliqhubeka nokuba nomthelela ekuqondeni kwethu ngathi nomhlaba.
Manje, ake sihlole uhlu lwamafilosofi amakhulu kunawo wonke abake baba negalelo elikhulu ekuhlakanipheni kwethu sonke.
Iyini Ifilosofi?
Ifilosofi ivela emagameni esiGreki asho “uthando lokuhlakanipha.” Kufana nokucwila ekuqondeni ulwazi, ubukhona, kanye neqiniso. Kucabange njengendlela yokucabanga ngezinto ezibalulekile njengokuziphatha, imvelo, ubuhle, nokuningi. Izazi zefilosofi, noma ongqondongqondo abajulile, bazindla ngezinto ezinjengokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba, ukucabanga okunengqondo, kanye nemibono ehlukene.
Into emnandi ngefilosofi ukuthi akuyona nje inqwaba yemibono emidala. Izazi zefilosofi zicabanga ngobukhona bomuntu, ngakho-ke izifundo zabo zinamathela lapho sezihambile. Kungakho izimfundiso zezazi zefilosofi eziyishumi eziphezulu kusukela emuva zisazwakala nanamuhla. Kunjengokungathi bashiye emuva inqolobane yokuhlakanipha esingayifunda kuyo. Ngakho-ke, uma uke wazibuza ngemibuzo emikhulu empilweni, ifilosofi ingase ibe nezimpendulo ezithile kuwe!
10 Izazi Zefilosofi Eziphakeme Kunazo Zonke Izikhathi
Zitholele imicabango nezindaba ezijulile ngemuva kwezazi zefilosofi ezinkulu zomlando. Ake sihlole izimfundiso ezilula kodwa ezinomthelela zalezi zingqondo ezimangalisayo.
1. U-Aristotle
U-Aristotle, isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki esaziwayo, wayehlala eGreece Yasendulo kusukela ngo-384 kuya ku-322 BC. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwesazi sefilosofi esidumile uPlato, u-Aristotle waba i-polymath, evelele emikhakheni ehlukahlukene.
Evame ukunconywa njengososayensi wokuqala emlandweni, u-Aristotle wabhala izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-200, ezingaba ngu-31 ezisasakazwa nanamuhla. Imisebenzi yakhe eyahlukene yayihlanganisa ifilosofi yengqondo, izimiso zokuziphatha, ithiyori yezepolitiki, ubuhle bobuciko, kanye nokukhuluma, kanye ne-empirical biology. Ngokuphawulekayo, waba neqhaza elikhulu ekuhloleni okuningiliziwe kwezitshalo nezilwane.
Ifa lika-Aristotle elihlala njalo lilele emsebenzini wakhe oyisisekelo wokucabanga okunengqondo, omele ukwelashwa kokuqala okuhlelekile kwezimiso zokucabanga ezifanele.
Ukwengeza, wabona izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko zokukhuluma: i-ethos (izimiso zokuziphatha), i-pathos (imizwa), nama-logo (logic). Ukuthuthukiswa kwakhe kwethiyori yokudonswa kwemali, manje eyaziwa ngokuthi i-syllogism, kuseyingxenye ebalulekile yeminikelo yakhe yobuhlakani. Namuhla, u-Aristotle ugujwa ngokubumba izisekelo zakuqala zemikhakha eyahlukene kanye neqhaza lakhe lokuphayona umhlaba wefilosofi.
2. uSocrates
USocrates, isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki esivela e-Athene, uvame ukudunyiswa njengephayona lefilosofi yaseNtshonalanga nesinye sezazi zefilosofi ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona. Amagalelo akhe ikakhulukazi alele kufilosofi yokuziphatha, emmaka njengesazi sefilosofi sokuqala sokuziphatha kuleli siko. Naphezu kokuntula noma yimiphi imibhalo yakhe siqu, izimfundiso zakhe ziye zalondolozwa ngokulandisa kwabafundi bakhe, uXenophon noPlato.
USocrates wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwengxoxo kaSocrates, uhlobo lwezincwadi ezigxile ekufundiseni ngobuciko bokubuza imibuzo. Esikhundleni sezinkulumo zendabuko, wahlanganyela ezingxoxweni ezazikhuthaza ukucabanga okujulile nokuzihlola.
Ngeshwa, izinkolelo zikaSocrates ezingajwayelekile zaholela ekuweni kwakhe. Ngo-399 BC, wabhekana nesigwebo sentambo ngamacala okonakalisa intsha kanye nokwenqaba ukuvuma onkulunkulu abasemthethweni bedolobha. Ngisho nangezikhathi zakhe zokugcina, uSocrates wahlala ezibophezele ezimisweni zakhe zefilosofi, eshiya ifa eliqhubeka lithonya ukucabanga nemfundo yaseNtshonalanga.
3. Confucius
UConfucius, isazi sefilosofi saseShayina lasendulo (770 - 481 BCE), wayekholelwa ekuphileni impilo enhle esekelwe ezimisweni zokuziphatha kanye nokuziphatha. Wayefuna wonke umuntu athole ithuba lokufunda, futhi wenza umsebenzi wokufundisa waba umsebenzi ohlonishwayo. Lo mbono uhambisana nenhloso yeNyuvesi Yabantu, njengoba bobabili uConfucius kanye nenyuvesi benomgomo ofanayo wokwenza imfundo ifinyeleleke kuwo wonke umuntu.
IConfucius nayo yasungulwa I-Confucianism, uhlelo lwenkolelo olugxile ezimisweni zomuntu siqu nokuziphatha. Izimiso eziyinhloko zobuConfucian, ngokuvamile okubhekiselwa kuzo ngokuthi izimiso zakhe zokuziphatha zihlanganisa ubulungisa, ukuzuza, ukungabi nabesilisa, kanye nokuhlonipha ukuzibusa. Phakathi kwezimfundiso zakhe, izici ezinhlanu eziqhubekayo zivelele: umusa, ukulunga, ukwethembeka, ukufaneleka, nokuhlakanipha.
Ngokuvamile, uConfucius wayekholelwa ekubeni umuntu olungile nokuphatha abanye ngomusa nangokwethembeka. Wayecabanga ukuthi imfundo nokuphila ngokuziphatha kubalulekile emphakathini onobunye. Izimfundiso zakhe ziyaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela futhi zikhuthaza abantu emhlabeni wonke ukuthi baphokophelele ukuphila okungcono futhi okuhle kakhulu.
4. Lao-Tzu
ULao-Tzu, isazi sefilosofi esibalulekile, wakha inkolelo-mbono ehlobene eduze nobuTao, uhlelo lwenkolelo olwaqala cishe ngo-500 BCE eShayina Yasendulo. UbuTao bugcizelela ukuhlalisana okuvumelanayo kwezilwane nabantu endaweni yonke. ULao-Tzu, owabhala incwadi eyinhloko yobuTao, naye wethula umbono wokungafi okungokomoya, esikisela ukuthi umphefumulo awufi kodwa uhlangana nendawo yonke ngemva kokufa. Wakhuthaza ukuphila ngokuvumelana ne-chi (noma i-qi), amandla aqondisa indawo yonke.
Ifilosofi yobuTao ihlanganisa isimiso sokulinganisa amandla, afanekiselwa yi-yin ne-yang. Lo mbono ubonisa indlela amandla aphikisayo, anjengokukhanya nobumnyama, ukushisa nokubanda, nesenzo nokungenzi lutho, ababambisana ngayo ukuze balethe ukuthula emhlabeni. Ngekhulu lesi-8 CE, ubuTao baguqukela ekubeni yinkolo yohlanga lwamakhosi amaTang. Naphezu kokuba enye yezinkolo eziyinhloko zaseShayina kanye nobuConfucian nobuBuddha, ubuTao babhekana nokucindezelwa phakathi nokuthatha umbuso wamaKhomanisi ngo-1959.
Funda futhi: Kuyini Ukugxekwa Komphakathi? Izinhlobo Zokugxekwa Komphakathi
5. UJohn Locke
UJohn Locke, isazi saseYurophu sekhulu le-17, wasebenza e-Oxford futhi wacwaninga ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha. Udume ngamagalelo akhe ekuKhanyiseni nasekuthuthukiseni inkululeko.
U-Locke walimelela ngokuqinile ilungelo lawo wonke umuntu lokuphila, inkululeko, nempahla, elahla umbono welungelo laphezulu lamakhosi. Ngokusho kwakhe, uma umbusi ehluleka ukuhlonipha la malungelo, abantu babenegunya lokususa inkosi besebenzisa amandla. Inkolelo yakhe eyinhloko yayiwukuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko kahulumeni ukufeza izimfuno zabantu.
Imibono ka-Locke yabeka isisekelo sombono kahulumeni olinganiselwe, igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Imicabango yakhe enethonya ekubuseni namalungelo abantu iyaqhubeka nokubumba ifilosofi yezombangazwe kanye nokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwababusi nababuswayo.
6. UFriedrich Nietzsche
UFriedrich Nietzsche, isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane, washiya uphawu oluphawulekayo emazweni aseNtshonalanga ngemibhalo yakhe ehlanganisa izihloko ezihlukahlukene njengesayensi, ubuciko, isiko nomlando. Ube nomthelela omkhulu ku-existentialism kanye ne-surrealism, ukunyakaza okubili okwavela ngemuva kweminikelo yakhe.
Ifilosofi eyinhloko kaNietzsche, i-nihilism, iphakamisa ukuthi yonke into, kuhlanganise nokuphila, ayinayo incazelo engokwemvelo. Lo mbono ube nomthelela ohlala njalo, ubumba ukunyakaza kwefilosofi nobuciko okwalandela eminyakeni yangemva kwesikhathi sakhe. Imicabango yakhe yashukumisela ukuba kuhlolwe kabusha izinkolelo ezingokwesiko futhi kwavula indlela yemibono emisha yokuphila.
Ngamazwi alula, uNietzsche wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuphila akunayo injongo enqunywe kusengaphambili. Lo mbono wathonya abaningi ukuba bangabaze izindinganiso ezimisiwe futhi bahlole imibono engajwayelekile. Umthelela onyakazayo wefilosofi yakhe wadlulela kumnyakazo we-existentialist kanye ne-surrealist, ubumba indlela abantu ababona ngayo umhlaba obazungezile. Namuhla, imibono kaNietzsche iyaqhubeka icwaningwa futhi iphikiswane ngayo, okumenza abe umuntu ophawulekayo emlandweni wefilosofi.
7. UKarl Marx
UKarl Marx uthathwa njengenye yezazi zefilosofi ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona. UngowaseJalimane futhi waphila ngawo-1800s. Waqhamuka ne-Marxism, umbono ophathelene nomphakathi, ezombangazwe, nemali. UMarx wayecabanga ukuthi emphakathini, kunempi phakathi kwamaqembu amabili: abasebenzi kanye nabantu abacebile abangabanikazi bamabhizinisi.
Wayekholelwa ukuthi ngolunye usuku, izisebenzi zaziyovukela izicebi empini enkulu. Kule mpi, abasebenzi bebezolawula umnotho. UMarx wakhuluma kakhulu ngobukhomanisi, uhlelo lapho yonke into yabelwa wonke umuntu, futhi ingekho impahla yomuntu siqu.
Imibono kaMarx yayinamandla kakhulu, futhi waduma kakhulu ngokusekela ubukhomanisi. Wayefuna ukuguqula indlela umphakathi osebenza ngayo ukuze wonke umuntu aphathwe ngendlela efanele. Imicabango kaMarx yaba nomthelela kubantu abaningi emhlabeni jikelele.
8. URalph Waldo Emerson
U-Ralph Waldo Emerson, isazi sefilosofi saseMelika, umfundisi, umbhubhisi, kanye nombhali wezindaba, wenza umthelela omkhulu emphakathini. Igalelo lakhe eliphawuleka kakhulu indatshana enesihloko esithi “Ukuzethemba.” Ephila ngawo-1800, wabelana ngokufana nabantu besikhathi saseBrithani Romantic, egcizelela ukuxhumana okujulile phakathi kukaNkulunkulu, isintu, nemvelo.
Umsebenzi ka-Emerson unamandla okuguqula, ukhuthaza abafundi ukuthi babeke ithemba ekwahluleleni kwabo ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye. Imibono yakhe ihambisana nokubaluleka kokuzenzela abantu ngabanye kanye nokuzethemba, ikhuthaza abantu ukuthi bakholelwe emandleni abo. Ngemibhalo yakhe, u-Emerson ufaka umuzwa wokuqina, ekhuthaza ukuzimela komuntu siqu kanye namandla atholakala ngokuzivumelanisa nezwe lemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithonya lika-Ralph Waldo Emerson lidlulela ngalé kwesikhathi sakhe, lishiya ifa elihlala njalo elikhuthaza ukuzethemba nokuxhumana kwabantu ngabanye nobunkulunkulu nemvelo. Ukugcizelela kwakhe ukuzethemba kuyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza nokuqondisa labo abafuna ukuzulazula ebunzimeni bempilo ngokuzethemba nokuzimela.
9. Immanuel Kant
U-Immanuel Kant, isazi sefilosofi esidumile kusukela ngo-1724 kuya ku-1804 eduze noLwandle iBaltic, waziwa ngemisebenzi yakhe ethi Isizathu Esisebenzayo, Isizathu Esihlanzekile, kanye Namandla Okwahlulela. UKant wayekholelwa ukuthi ukunquma ukuziphatha kwezenzo kuncike ekufezeni umsebenzi wethu kunokugxila emiphumeleni. Isimiso sakhe esiyinhloko sokuziphatha sigcizelela ukuthi ukucabanga ngokuziphatha kuza kuqala kunezinye izindlela zokucabanga.
Umbono ka-Kant ngezimiso zokuziphatha ugxile embonweni wokuthi izenzo zilungile noma azilungile ngokusekelwe ekutheni siyawufeza yini umsebenzi wethu, hhayi emiphumeleni yezenzo zethu. Ngokomthetho wakhe oyisisekelo wokuziphatha, ukucabanga ngokuziphatha kubaluleke kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi enye indlela yokucabanga.
Ngokuvamile, ifilosofi ka-Kant igcizelela ukubaluleka kwesibopho nesibopho sokuziphatha ekuhloleni isimo sokuziphatha sezenzo zethu. Ifa lakhe libonakala ngokugcizelela okuhlukile ekuphakameni kokucabanga ngokuziphatha endaweni yezimiso zokuziphatha.
Funda futhi: Uhlu Lwazo Zonke Izikole Zengqondo Yengqondo Ezichazwayo
10. I-Epicurus
U-Epicurus, isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki esihlakaniphile esaphila kusukela ngo-341 kuya ku-27 BCE, wasungula ifilosofi yama-Epikhuru, eyaba nomthelela omkhulu. Wagxilisa izimfundiso zakhe embonweni wokuthi injongo yokugcina yokuphila komuntu injabulo, efinyelelwa ngokungabikho kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo nobuhlungu obungokomzimba.
Ngokuka-Epicurus, isihluthulelo sokuphila okwanelisayo sitholakala ekuphishekeleni injabulo, hhayi nje ukusebenzisa ingqondo. Wagomela ngokuthi injabulo yangempela iyinhle kakhulu kubantu. Waveza ukuthi izifiso ezingenangqondo ziwumthombo wokukhathazeka, esikisela ukuthi ngokuqeda ukwesaba isijeziso nokufa, umuntu angadambisa ukukhathazeka futhi athole injabulo yangempela. U-Epicurus ugcizelele ukubaluleka kokuqonda nokuphatha izifiso ukuze uphile okuqukethwe kanye nempilo ejabulisayo. Izimfundiso zakhe zikhuthaza indlela elinganiselayo yokuzijabulisa, ukugwema ukuzitika ngokweqile nokungadingekile.
Ngenjwayelo, I-Epicureanism, njengoba igqugquzelwa i-Epicurus, ikhuthaza ukuphila okuzinikele enjabulweni, okungenakho ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nobuhlungu obungokomzimba, okufinyelelwa ngokuphishekela ukuzijabulisa okucatshangelwayo nokuqedwa kokwesaba okungenangqondo.
Isiphetho
Imibono eminingi namafilosofi ezinye zezazi zefilosofi ezinkulu kunazo zonke zihlala zibalulekile ezweni lanamuhla. Laba ongqondongqondo basendulo babe negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu isintu nendlela esisebenzisana ngayo nathi, abanye, imvelo, kanye nobuNkulunkulu.
Umthelela ohlala njalo wezazi zefilosofi ezinkulu uyaqhubeka nokulolonga ukucabanga kwethu futhi usikhuthaza ukuba sizindle imibuzo ngezindlela ezintsha nezijulile. Baye basinika izimiso eziqondisayo ezithonya ukuziphatha kwethu emphakathini, ezilolonga imibono yethu kahulumeni, izinkondlo, imfundo, izibalo nesayensi, futhi ezikhuthaza ukuhlola kwethu izici ezihlukahlukene zokuphila.
Lezi zisekelo zefilosofi ziye zafakazela ukuthi ziyakhuthazela, zisinikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile okuhlala isikhathi eside. Njengoba sizulazula ezinkingeni zezwe lethu lanamuhla, ukuhlakanipha kwalezi ziqhwaga zefilosofi kusebenza njengesiqondiso esingaphelelwa isikhathi semisebenzi yethu yobuhlakani neyokuziphatha.
shiya impendulo