Uluntu lwaseMelika lwenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19 yayingengobantu abaMnyama ukuba babambe nasiphi na isikhundla esibalulekileyo. Umntu ontsundu ukuba ngumfundisi-ntsapho yayiyeyona nto yayilindelekile ngelo xesha.
Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, sikhuthaza ukuba nabantu abahlukeneyo abaneemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo emsebenzini. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba kungekudala kakhulu, abantu abaNtsundu baye bajongana nezithintelo kwiindawo ezininzi zemisebenzi.
Naxa ekugqibeleni abantwana abaNtsundu bavunyelwa ukuba baye esikolweni, kwathabatha iminyaka emininzi ngaphambi kokuba abafundisi-ntsapho abaNtsundu bafundise ngokukhululekileyo ngaphandle kokuchaswa. Emva phayaa ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1700, iqaqobana labantu abakhaliphileyo lacel’ umngeni izithethe zobuhlanga laza laba ngabafundisi ababalaseleyo. Oku kusikhokelela kumbuzo othi: ngubani ophethe iwonga lokuba ngutitshala wokuqala oNtsundu eMelika?
IMbali yoKwahlulwa kweZikolo
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, kwakukho ingcamango esemthethweni ebizwa ngokuba “.Ukwahlula kodwa kuyalingana,” eyasekwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo ngowe-1896. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba abantu abaNtsundu nabamhlophe babenokwahlulwa kodwa baphathwe ngokulinganayo.
Nangona kunjalo, eneneni, abantu abaMnyama banyanzelwa ukuba bangene kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo, ezingenankxaso-mali yaneleyo emva kweMfazwe yoLuntu kunye nangethuba loKwakha kwakhona.
Ngokukhawuleza phambili ukuya kwi-1954, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US yabhengeza ukuba "Okwahlukileyo kodwa kuyalingana" akuchasananga nomgaqo-siseko. ityala likaBrown v. IBhodi yeMfundo yeTopeka.
Esi sigqibo saphawula utshintsho, saphelisa izikolo ezahlulwe ngokobuhlanga kwaye saba negalelo elikhulu kwintshukumo yamalungelo oluntu. Phezu kwawo nje esi sigwebo sincumisayo, abaninzi kwelo lizwe abazange bavume, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukutshintsha intlalo.
Abafundi abaNtsundu babonise ubugorha obumangalisayo ngokungena kwizikolo ezazifudula zinabantu abamhlophe, yaye abafundisi-ntsapho abaNtsundu bajongana nemicelimngeni emikhulu njengoko babeqalisa umsebenzi wabo. Olu tshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo belinyathelo elibalulekileyo eliya phambili, kodwa ukoyisa inkcaso kunye nokukhuthaza ulingano lokwenyani kufuna ukuzimisela namandla.
Ngaba uSusie King Taylor nguTitshala wokuqala omnyama eMelika?
USusie King Taylor (1848-1912) ubambe indawo ekhethekileyo kwimbali njengomnye wootitshala bokuqala abamnyama eMelika. Udlale indima ebalulekileyo ekufundiseni wakhulula amakhoboka ase-Afrika-Amerika eGeorgia, eshiya uphawu olungacimekiyo kumhlaba wemfundo yase-Afrika-yaseMelika.
Ngokutsho kweWikipedia, UTaylor wayengumongikazi wokuqala wase-Afrika-waseMelika owayesebenza kunye nebutho ngexesha leMfazwe yaseMelika yaseMelika.
Wazalelwa ebukhobokeni kumasimi aseGeorgia, uSusie wajamelana nemiqobo kwimfundo yasesikolweni. Nangona kunjalo, uhambo lwakhe lwatshintsha xa waya kuhlala nomakhulu wakhe okhululekileyo e-Savannah eneminyaka esixhenxe. Phezu kwayo nje imiqathango engokwasemthethweni, uSusie wafumana imiyalelo eyimfihlo kumabhinqa amabini aseAfrika aseMerika nakulutsha olumhlophe. Ukunxanelwa kwakhe ulwazi kwaqhubeka.
NgoAprili ka-1862, ubomi bukaSusie batshintsha kakhulu xa wafumana inkululeko emva kokubalekela kwisikhephe semipu kufutshane neConfederate eyayibanjwe iFort Pulaski. Waphinda wahlala kwiSiqithi sase-Union e-St. Simons, apho waqala khona ukufundisa abanye ababesakuba ngamakhoboka eneminyaka nje elishumi elinesine ubudala. Oku kwaphawula ukuqala komsebenzi wakhe onempembelelo kwimfundo.
Emva kokuphela kweMfazwe yombango, uSusie wabuyela e-Savannah kunye nomyeni wakhe, uSergeant Edward King. Apho, waseka isikolo sabucala sabantwana abakhululekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, isikolo sasijongene nokuvalwa kwisithuba seminyaka emibini ngenxa yokuvulwa kwenye indlela kawonke-wonke. Ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, uSusie wahlala eqinile kuthumo lwakhe lokuphucula uluntu lwakhe imfundo.
Kamva ebomini, uSusie wabhala inkumbulo yakhe, “Iinkumbulo zoBomi bam eNkampini kunye ne-33d ye-United States yeMbala yamajoni, amavolontiya e-SC woku-1..” Kwincwadi yakhe, wathetha ngokungafihlisiyo imingeni eqhubekayo yobuhlanga ngelixa ekwavakalisa ithemba ngekamva. Wagxininisa inkqubela phambili ephawulekayo eyenziwa ngabantu base-Afrika baseMelika ukususela ekuphelisweni kobukhoboka, egxininisa ukuqhubeka kwabo kokulingana kunye nenkululeko.
Ilifa likaSusie King Taylor lisebenza njengobungqina bokuqina nokuzimisela kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika xa bejamelene nobunzima. Imigudu yakhe yobuvulindlela kwezemfundo yavulela indlela izizukulwana ezizayo, ikhuthaza inyambalala yabantu ukuba bazabalazele ukugqwesa phezu kwayo nje imiqobo abanokujamelana nayo.
Abafundisi Abantsundu Abangoovulindlela Ababumba Imbali
Kwiingxelo zembali, uninzi lwabafundisi-ntsapho abaNtsundu bashiye amanqaku angacimekiyo, kodwa makhe siqwalasele amanani amabini amangalisayo athe anegalelo elikhulu.
Dibana noFanny Jackson Coppin (1837-1913), i-trailblazer kunye nenqununu yokuqala emnyama eUnited States. Emuva ngo-1865, wazuza inqanaba elibalulekileyo ngokuba ngomnye wabasetyhini bokuqala abaNtsundu ukufumana isidanga sekholeji e-Oberlin College e-Ohio. Ngoxa wayeqhubeka nemfundo yakhe, uFanny wathabatha inyathelo lokuqala lokuseka isikolo esineeklasi zangokuhlwa ezilungiselelwe ukufundisa amakhoboka akhululekileyo.
Emva kokunyukela kwindima yenqununu kwiZiko loLutsha lweMbala, waqondwa ngakumbi xa iBhodi yeMfundo yaseFiladelphia yammisela njengentsumpa. Wazalelwa ebukhobokeni, uFanny wathatha ulawulo lwekamva lakhe kwaye wenza imbali ngokuba yintsumpa yokuqala emnyama kwisithili sesikolo.
Ngoku, makhe sinikele ingqalelo yethu kuKelly Miller (1863-1939), umntu owaba ngumfundi wokuqala oNtsundu onezidanga zemathematika kunye nowaye waba nguMnyama wokuqala owazimasa kwiYunivesithi yaseJohns Hopkins.
Ngo-1907, uMiller wathatha isikhundla sokuba ngumphathi kwiKholeji yezobuGcisa neSayensi yaseHoward. Impembelelo yakhe ayivakalanga ekusulungekiseni ikharityhulam kuphela kodwa nakwimpumelelo ebalaseleyo yobhaliso oluphindwe kathathu kwisithuba nje seminyaka emine. Njengoko uMiller wayeqhubela phambili ebomini bakhe, wazinikela kwisizathu esibalaseleyo sokwandisa ukufikelela kwimfundo ephakamileyo kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika.
Aba titshala babini, UFanny Jackson Coppin kwaye Kelly Miller yima njengezibane ezikhuthazayo kwimbali yemfundo yabaNtsundu. Imizamo yabo yobuvulindlela yavula indlela yezizukulwana ezizayo, ebonisa ukomelela, ukuzimisela, kunye nokuzinikela okungagungqiyo ekwaphuleni imiqobo ekusukeleni ulwazi.
Ukuvala umsantsa woMzabalazo oQhubayo kooTitshala abohlukeneyo
Ngaba uyazi ukuba abafundi abaninzi abaMnyama nabaseLatino abazange bababone ootitshala abafana nabo kumagumbi abo okufundela? Ngaphandle kwenkqubela phambili ukusukela kwixesha likaJim Crow, kusekho iingxaki ezinkulu kwinkqubo yezemfundo ekufuneka sizilungise.
Ngokophononongo olwenziwe ngu IZiko loPhando lePew ukusuka kwi-2018-2019, kuphela i-16% yootitshala base-US abaMnyama okanye IsiSpanishi, Ukwahluke kakhulu kwi-42% yabafundi abaMnyama nabaseSpanishi.
Ukunqongophala kootitshala abohlukeneyo kunefuthe elithe ngqo kubafundi bebala. Uphando lubonisa ukuba xa abafundi befunda kootitshala abanemvelaphi yobuhlanga efanayo, baqhuba ngcono ezifundweni. Ukuba nemizekelo efana nabo kukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bakholelwe kwisakhono sabo. Oku kunyuswa kokuzithemba kukhokelela kuphuculo lokufunda kunye namanqaku ezibalo, kunye nokunyuka kwamazinga okuphumelela.
Wonke umntu kufuneka afake isandla ekwahlukaneni kwenkqubo yemfundo ukuze abafundi bebala bafumane eyona mfundo ibalaseleyo. Amaziko emfundo kufuneka abonelele ngemfundo efikelelekayo, esemgangathweni kuye nawuphi na umfundi oqeqeshiweyo ngazo naziphi na iindlela ezinokubakho. Bafanele bawusebenzise ngenkuthalo lo msebenzi ngokugcina ubuhlakani obahlukeneyo obubonisa imvelaphi yabafundi bethu.
Yayingubani Utitshala Wokuqala Omnyama? Ukuqukumbela
Ekujonganeni nemingeni ekhoyo, kubalulekile ukufuna isikhokelo kwixesha elidlulileyo. Bambalwa abaqheleneyo nabalandeli bokuqala abaNtsundu kwezemfundo, ukanti amabali abo akhanyisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulingana kwinkqubo yethu yemfundo.
Ukwazi ngaba vulindlela kukuxhobisa ukuba ube negalelo elincomekayo kuluntu lwakho, ukhuthaza iyantlukwano kungekuphela nje ekufundiseni kodwa kuyo yonke imisebenzi. Yandisa uphononongo lwakho ngaphaya kwabantu abaMnyama bembali; Ukuqondwa ngokubanzi kwembali yethu kwenza wonke umntu adlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuyileni ingomso elinobulungisa neliqukayo. Ukwamkela olu lwazi, umntu ngamnye unokwenza impembelelo ebalulekileyo, esebenzela ikamva eliqaqambileyo nelilinganayo.
Shiya iMpendulo