Uphenyo lwamacala abandayo ngokuvamile ludinga ubufakazi obuphathekayo obengeziwe. Ukuze uqonde izimo ezibandayo futhi ubone izibonelo ezixazululiwe, kubalulekile ukwazi izici zabo.
Amacala abandayo awuphenyo lobugebengu olungaxazululiwe osekunesikhathi eside lungasebenzi. Lezi zimo azinawo umkhondo omusha nokunakwa okusebenzayo okutholwa amacala amasha. Ukuze bawavuselele, abaphenyi bavame ukuthembela ebufakazini obuphathekayo, njengoba bungamelana nokuhlolwa kwesikhathi kangcono kunama-akhawunti ofakazi noma ezinye izinhlobo zolwazi.
Izimpawu zezigameko ezibandayo zihlanganisa iminyaka yazo, ngokuvamile ethatha iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka. Ukushoda kwenqubekela phambili kanye nokungabikho kwemikhondo yakamuva kubenza babe yinselele. Izibonelo zamacala abandayo axazululiwe zibonisa ukubaluleka kokuphikelela kanye nentuthuko kubuchwepheshe be-forensic. Amacala afana nalawa angase ahilele ukubulala, ukulahleka kwabantu, noma amanye amacala anzima.
Ukuqonda uhlobo lwamacala abandayo nokufunda izinqumo eziphumelelayo kungasikhanyisela ezindleleni namasu asetshenziswa abaphenyi. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile kulabo abathanda ubulungiswa bobugebengu kanye nesayensi ye-forensic.
Liyini Icala Elibandayo?
Icala elibandayo lisho ubugebengu abaphenyi abangakabuxazululi ngokusemthethweni. Lapho kuxazululwa ubugebengu, ukuba nofakazi abacacile, abasolwa, nobufakazi kubalulekile. Ngaphandle kwalezi zici, amacala angabanda, ashiye iminyango yamaphoyisa kanye nezinhlaka zokugcinwa komthetho njenge-FBI zididekile. Umthelela wamacala angaxazululiwe emindenini yezisulu ezimweni ezinjengokubulala okungaxazululiwe, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, noma abantu abalahlekile ungaba mkhulu kakhulu.
Uphenyo oluthile lobugebengu, njengokubulala nokuhlukumeza ngokocansi ezifundazweni ezithile, alunaso isimiso semikhawulo futhi lungaqhubeka isikhathi eside njengoba kudingeka. Ithimba lamacala abandayo lizinikele ekuvuleni kabusha lawa macala angakaxazululwa futhi lifune ngenkuthalo ubufakazi obusha, okuhlanganisa izinsalela zomuntu, izigxivizo zeminwe, ama-akhawunti ofakazi bokuzibonela endaweni yesigameko sobugebengu, nezithombe zekhamera. Ukwengeza, isayensi yezobunhloli idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni amacala amadala kanye nokuhlola kabusha okutholwe uphenyo lokuqala. Imizamo eqhubekayo yamacala abandayo ihlose ukuvala imindeni kanye nobulungiswa emacaleni angakaxazululwa.
Funda futhi: Iyini I-Case Study: Incazelo, Izinhlobo, Izibonelo
Izici Zamacala Abandayo
Amacala abandayo abeka inselele ukuxazulula ngenxa yemvelo yawo engaqondakali kanye nesikhathi esesidlulile. Lawa macala ahlala isikhathi eside engaxazululeki, okwenza kube nzima ngabaphenyi ukuthola umkhondo odingekayo. Ngezansi ezinye zezici ze-cold case:
Izimfihlo Ezingaxazululwa
Amacala abandayo ahlanganisa izimo ezididayo, ngokuvamile ezihlobene nobugebengu obubucayi njengezenzo zobudlova. Kulezi zimo, abantu benza kube nzima ukuthola ubufakazi ngamabomu. Olunye uhlobo lwecala elibandayo lubandakanya ababulali abangama-serial abashintsha njalo lapho behlala khona, bebeka usongo oluqhubekayo ekuphepheni komphakathi. Ukwengeza, abantu abangaziwa, abangenabo omazisi abahlukaniseka kalula noma ezinye izindlela zokuzihlonza, bangase bahlotshaniswe namakhaza.
Ngokuvamile, amacala abandayo ayizimfihlakalo ezihlala isikhathi eside zingaxazululeki. Lezi zimfihlakalo zingase zizungeze ubugebengu obunobudlova, lapho umuntu obhekene necala ethatha izinyathelo zokufihla ubufakazi. Ababulali be-serial abaqhubeka beshintsha indawo yabo, beba izinsongo eziqhubekayo, nabo bayingxenye yamacala abandayo. Kwesinye isikhathi, abantu abangaziwa ngaphandle kokuhlonzwa okufanele baba yizihloko zalezi zimfihlakalo ezingaxazululiwe.
2. Izinselele Zesikhathi
Amacala abandayo, noma ubugebengu obungaxazululiwe, ngokuvamile abhekana nezikhathi ezinde ngaphandle kobufakazi obusha. Lokhu kuvame kakhulu ebugebengwini baseminyakeni noma emashumini eminyaka edlule lapho ubuchwephesha obuphambili babungekho ukuze kuhlonzwe umenzi wobubi kalula noma kutholwe umsolwa wokuqala. Ezimeni zokubulala okungakaxazululwa kanye nobunye ubugebengu, imindeni yezisulu ingase icele ukubuyekezwa ukuze kuhlolwe inqubekelaphambili yophenyo. Ngeshwa, amanye amacala abandayo ahlala engaxazululiwe, okugqamisa ubunzima obubangelwa isikhathi kanye nezindlela zophenyo eseziphelelwe yisikhathi.
Ukuntuleka kwempumelelo kungabangelwa ukungabi bikho kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe engasiza ekuhlonzeni abahlukumezi bocansi noma ekutholeni abasolwa bangempela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi aya ngokuya encipha amathuba okusombululwa kwala macala, okushiya imindeni inemibuzo engaphenduleki kanye nophenyo kumi ngqá.
Ngisho nokubuyekezwa ngezikhathi ezithile, iqiniso liyaqhubeka lokuthi ezinye izimo ezibandayo zingase zingasiboni isisombululo. Lokhu kugcizelela izinselele ezihlala njalo ezibangelwa ukuhamba kwesikhathi kulolu phenyo.
Izibonelo ze-Cold Case
1. Imfihlakalo Yokunyamalala kukaShaun Ritchie
UShaun Ritchie wanyamalala ngo-2014 eneminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala. Isikhathi sokugcina noma ubani ukumbona kwakusendaweni yaseStrichen e-Aberdeenshire, eScotland. Okubuhlungu wukuthi icala lokuduka kwakhe alikaxazululeki.
Umndeni kaRitchie unesiqiniseko sokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona owambulala ngenxa yesikweletu. Phezu kwezinsolo zabo, iziphathimandla azikakwazi ukuthola umuntu othintekayo, okushiye umndeni usesimweni sokungaqiniseki nosizi.
Kuyindida isimo, akekho ongazi kahle ukuthi kwenzekani kuShaun ngemuva kokuthi egcine ukubonakala. Idolobhana elincane laseStrichen liphethe ukhiye wokuvula imfihlakalo, kodwa kuze kube manje, imikhondo isalokhu ingaqondakali.
Ukunyamalala kukaShaun Ritchie kuyindaba ekhathazayo eshiye umndeni wakhe ulangazelela izimpendulo. Ukungaxazululeki kwaleli cala sekufake isithunzi ezimpilweni zabo, kanti kusaqhubeka nokufunwa ubulungiswa. Umphakathi usamile, unethemba lokuthi ngelinye ilanga lizovela iqiniso ngokuduka kukaShaun.
2. Ukunyamalala Kweminyaka Eyishumi Ka-Tanya Nicole Kach
Esigamekweni esidabukisayo, uTanya Nicole Kach, umfundi webanga lesishiyagalombili, wanyamalala iminyaka eyishumi lapho unogada wesikole okuthiwa uThomas Hose emthumba. Iminyaka eyishumi emide, uHose wamgcina evalelwe egumbini lakhe lokulala elisezingeni lesibili. Ngokuyisimangaliso, wakwazi ukuphunyuka ekuthunjweni. Lesi sigameko esibuhlungu sagcina siholele ebulungiswa lapho uThomas Hose elivuma icala ngo-2007.
Lesi sigameko siveze ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha kwabafundi saphinde sagqamisa ukubaluleka kokuqinisekisa izinyathelo eziqinile zokuphepha ezikhungweni zemfundo. Indaba kaTanya isebenza njengesikhumbuzo esiqinile sezingozi ezingase zibe khona abantu abasengozini abangabhekana nazo kanye nesidingo semizamo eqaphile yokuvikela inhlalakahle yabafundi.
Leli cala liphinde ligcizelele ukuqina kwabasindile abanjengoTanya, owakwazi ukugqashula ekuthunjweni okwase kuyiminyaka eyishumi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzekani. Kusebenza njengobufakazi bokubaluleka kokuqwashisa umphakathi nemizamo yokubambisana ukuvimbela kanye nokubhekana nezigameko ezinjalo, kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokuvikeleka kwabantu ngabanye ngaphakathi kohlelo lwezemfundo.
3. Icala elibuhlungu likaMorgan Harrington
UMorgan Harrington wayengumfundi wasekolishi oneminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala eVirginia Tech. Waduka ekhonsathini i-Metallica ngo-2009. Amaphoyisa athola isidumbu sakhe ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva, futhi kwacaca ukuthi wayebulewe.
Ngemva kweminyaka eminingana, ochwepheshe bezobunhloli namakhamera ezokuphepha basiza ekuhlonzeni umuntu obangele ukufa kwakhe: U-Jesse L. Matthew, Jr. Waphinde watholakala ebulele omunye umfundi wasekolishi, u-Hannah Graham wase-University of Virginia, ngo-2014.
Ngo-2016, u-Jesse L. Matthew, Jr. wavuma ubugebengu futhi watholakala enecala. Lokhu kwaqeda leli cala, kodwa akukwazanga ukusula ubuhlungu nokulahlekelwa imindeni nemiphakathi ekhahlanyezwe yilezi zigameko ezimbi.
shiya impendulo