Ngo-1955, uRosa Parks wayebuya emsebenzini esitolo. Kwakuwusuku olude, kodwa uParks wayengakhathele kakhulu kunokujwayelekile, njengoba achaza kamuva. Ukukhathala kwabangelwa ukubekezelela iminyaka yokubandlululwa ngokobuhlanga nenzondo.
Ngalolo suku, lapho umshayeli webhasi emcela ukuba adele isihlalo sakhe kubagibeli abamhlophe, uRosa wanquma ukuthi wayesebekezele ngokwanele. Ukwenqaba kwakhe ukuthutha kwavusa igagasi lezwe lokulwa neqembu ukucwasa ngokwebala okugxilile e-United States.
Sizobheka amaqiniso angu-15 abalulekile mayelana ne-Rosa Parks, umuntu obalulekile enhlanganweni Yamalungelo Abantu.
Amaqiniso ngeRosa Parks
1. Ngo-1955, iRosa Parks yabhekana nokuboshwa ngesenzo esilula sokumelana
NgoDisemba 1, uParks wayesendleleni egodukayo evela emsebenzini ngesikhathi ebhekene nemithetho yokuhlukaniswa kwamabhasi.
Ibhasi likhethe izindawo eziqondile zabagibeli abamhlophe nabaMnyama, abamhlophe behlala ezilayini ezingaphambili kuthi abaMnyama baphoqwe ukuthi bahlale ngemuva. URosa wayilandela imithetho kodwa wacelwa umshayeli webhasi ukuba adlulele emuva ukuze ahlalise abagibeli abamhlophe. Edelela lesi sidingo esingenabulungisa, uRosa wenqaba ukusiyeka.
Ngenxa yalokho, kwabizwa amaphoyisa, okwaholela ekuboshweni kwakhe. Lesi sigameko, esibukeka sijwayelekile, saba umzuzu obalulekile emlandweni njengoba sasusa i-Montgomery Bus Boycott futhi sabamba iqhaza elibalulekile Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu, inselele imithetho yokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga.
Ukuhlola lesi sehlakalo kusisiza siqonde umthelela omkhulu wokuma komuntu oyedwa kwesibindi ngokumelene nokungabi nabulungisa.
2. I-Rosa Parks ikhunjulwa ngokuthi "Umama Wenhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu" ngenxa yombhikisho wakhe obalulekile.
I-Civil Rights Movement yayiyisinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ngeminyaka yawo-1900 sokuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu unamalungelo alinganayo eMelika.
Ngemva kokuqedwa kobugqila ekupheleni kweMpi Yombango, abantu abamnyama eMelika babhekana nokuphathwa kabi okuningi. Babehlukaniswa nabaMhlophe baseMelika ezindaweni ezinjengezikole, futhi kunjalo, ezinhlelweni zezihlalo emabhasini.
Kusukela ngo-1954 kuya ku-1968, kwaba nomnyakazo omkhulu wokuguqula izinto futhi uzenze zibe ngcono.
Isenzo sikaRosa Parks sasiyingxenye enkulu yalolu shintsho. Akazange asilahle isihlalo sakhe ebhasini, futhi lokho kwaba inkathi yoshintsho. Ngemva kwalokho, abantu abaningi babhikishela ukuthi abantu abaMnyama bahlukane, futhi abazange basebenzise amabhasi unyaka wonke.
Ekugcineni, kwaba khona icala lasenkantolo elathi akulungile ukuhlukanisa abantu emabhasini e-Alabama. Isenzo sika-Rosa Parks sesibindi sasiza ekwenzeni izinto zibe ngcono kubantu abaMnyama futhi sabonisa ukuthi umbhikisho onokuthula ungaba namandla kangakanani.
3. URosa Parks wabhekana nenkinga yezomthetho ngemva kokuboshwa kwakhe
ED Nixon, umholi we-Alabama NAACP, nabanye ababambisene nabo basiza ekutholeni ukukhululwa ngokumkhokhela ibheyili ngemva nje kokuboshwa kwakhe. Phakathi nezinsuku ezine nje, uRosa wazithola esenkantolo. Ukuphendula, i-NAACP yahlela ukuduba uhlelo lwamabhasi, inxusa abantu ukuthi bagweme ukuyisebenzisa futhi esikhundleni salokho bakhethe ezinye izindlela zokuhamba njengokuhamba ngezinyawo noma ukuthatha itekisi ukukhombisa ubumbano noRosa.
Naphezu kwale mizamo, impi kaRosa yezomthetho yaphela kabi, inkantolo yamkhipha isinqumo futhi yamhlawulisa u-$14.00. Nokho, lokhu kuphazamiseka akuzange kuphawule ukuphela kohambo lukaRosa. Indaba yakhe iqhubekile nokuzwakala futhi igqugquzela abanye abangenakubalwa emzabalazweni oqhubekayo wamalungelo omphakathi.
4. Ukwenqaba kuka-Rosa Parks ukuyeka isihlalo sakhe ebhasini elihlukanisiwe kube nomthelela omkhulu ekudubeni amabhasi e-Montgomery
Ngemva kokuphothulwa kwecala likaRosa, izishoshovu zanquma ukuqhubeka nemibhikisho yazo ngokumelene nesimiso samabhasi esingalungile. Bahlangane ukuze bakhe i-Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), behlose ukuhlela nokuhola ukuduba. UMartin Luther King Jr. osemusha, owayeneminyaka engu-26 kuphela ngaleso sikhathi, wakhethwa njengomongameli wayo.
I-Rosa Parks idlale indima ebalulekile ku-MIA, yasebenza ebhodini eliphezulu futhi yasebenza kafushane njengomthumeli. Endimeni yakhe yomthumeli, usize ababambiqhaza ekudubeni ngokubaxhumanisa nokugibela ukuya emsebenzini, esikoleni, nakwezinye izibopho. I-MIA yasebenzisa uhlelo lwe-carpool, isebenzisa izimoto ezizimele ezingaphezu kuka-300 nezinqola zesiteshi ezingu-22 ezinikezwa amasonto.
Le ndlela emisha yaqinisekisa ukuthi cishe abantu abangu-30,000 bathola izinto zokuhamba abazidinga nsuku zonke. Imizamo ehlangene ye-MIA kanye namalungu ayo ibonise amandla ezinhlangano zomphakathi ekuphonseleni inselelo ukuhlukaniswa nokuthuthukisa amalungelo omphakathi.
5. I-Rosa Parks yabhekana nokunye ukuboshwa ngo-1956
NgoFebhuwari 21 walowo nyaka, ijaji elikhulu laseMontgomery lamangalela uRosa Parks, kanye no-ED Nixon, uMartin Luther King Jr., nabanye abangu-86, ngaphansi. I-Alabama's Anti-Boycott Act. Lo mthetho wakwenza kwaba ukwephula umthetho ukubamba iqhaza ekudubeni amabhasi abebewahola. Amacala asukela ekungeneni kwabo embhikishweni wokucwaswa ngokwebala.
Izithombe ezaziwa kakhulu zeRosa Parks, okuhlanganisa nesithombe sakhe senkomishi nesithombe lapho ethathwa khona izigxivizo zeminwe, zixhunywe kulokhu kuboshwa ngo-1956, hhayi umbhikisho wokuqala ngoDisemba 1, 1955.
Lezi zithombe eziyisithonjana zithwebula isikhathi esibalulekile ku-Civil Rights Movement, ezigqamisa imiphumela yezomthetho uPaki nabanye abaphonsele inselelo imithetho ecwasayo ngokumelana nobudlova.
6. I-Rosa Parks yazuza udumo olukhulu ngokwenqaba ukuyeka isihlalo sayo sebhasi, kodwa wayengeyena owesifazane wokuqala ukumelana nokucwaswa.
Ngo-1955, uClaudette Colvin oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala wathatha ukuma okufanayo ngokwenqaba ukudedela isihlalo sakhe kowesifazane omhlophe wabe eseboshwa.
Nakuba i-Rosa Parks yasekela injongo ka-Claudette, abanye abaholi bamalungelo abantu babecabanga ukuthi u-Claudette, ochazwa “njengononya,” wayengeyena ummangali ofanelekayo ecaleni elibanzi. Naphezu kwalokhu, uRosa wahlala engumngane omdala oqinile kuClaudette ngesikhathi sasehlobo ngemuva kokuboshwa kwakhe.
Nakuba indaba kaClaudette ingase ingaziwa kabanzi njengekaRosa, ibe nomthelela omkhulu. Ngo-1956, uClaudette waba ngomunye wabamangali ku-Browder v Gayle, icala elihlangene elagcina liholele ekuhlakazweni kohlelo lwamabhasi eMontgomery. Lezi zindaba zigcizelela ubunkimbinkimbi nokusebenzisana ngemuva kwezingcaphuno nezenzo ezaziwayo enhlanganweni yamalungelo abantu.
Funda futhi: UKristina Sunshine Jung: I-Bio yendodakazi kaGeorge Jung
7. Kusukela esemncane, uRosa Parks, ongowokuqala uRosa McCauley, wayelwazi ubandlululo.
Uzalelwe ePine Level, e-Alabama, wakhulela eceleni kukanina, umfowabo kanye nogogo nomkhulu. Ukukhula kwakhe kwaqondana nokwanda kobudlova bobuhlanga ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, okwashukumisela umkhulu wakhe ukuba agade kuvulandi, ehlome ngesibhamu, egade i-Ku Klux Klan. Njengoba uRosa efunda amakhono abalulekile njengokuthunga, ukupheka, nokuhlanza, wachitha isikhathi “eqaphile” nomkhulu wakhe.
Eqondiswa izimfundiso zikamkhulu wakhe, uRosa waba nokuma okuqinile ngokumelene nokwamukela ukuphathwa kabi. Kwesinye isenzakalo kusukela ebuntwaneni bakhe, umfana womlungu wamsongela, okwashukumisela uRosa ukuba athathe isinyathelo. Ngokungesabi, wacosha isitini, waphumelela ukwesabisa umfana. Lezi zigigaba zakuqala zalolongela ukuqonda kukaRosa Parks ngokungalingani kwezinhlanga nokungabi nabulungisa, kwabeka isisekelo sokushisekela kwakhe kamuva inhlangano yamalungelo abantu.
8. I-Rosa Parks yayinomfowabo omncane ogama lakhe lingu-Sylvester James McCauley, owayemncane ngeminyaka emibili.
USylvester wakhonza eMpini Yezwe II, ebamba iqhaza kuzo zombili izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zaseYurophu nasePacific. Ngemva kwempi, wathuthela eDetroit nomkakhe, uDaisy, futhi ndawonye bakhulisa izingane eziyishumi nantathu. USylvester wayeziphilisa ngokuba umbazi futhi wasebenzela iChrysler Motor Company.
Enye yamadodakazi kaSylvester, uSheila McCauley Keys, wabhala incwadi enesihloko esithi “U-Anti Wethu Rosa: Umndeni WaseRosa Parks Ukhumbula Impilo Yakhe Nezifundo,” eyanyatheliswa ngo-2015. Le ncwadi isikhanyisela ngempilo nezimfundiso zikaRosa Parks, inikeza umbono womuntu siqu. phakathi komndeni. Ngalo msebenzi, u-Sheila uthwebula ingqikithi yomthelela ka-anti wakhe, enze inhlonipho enezela ekuqondeni kwefa le-Rosa Parks.
9. URosa Parks noRaymond Parks bashada ngo-1932 ngemva kokuba ehlongoze ngosuku lwabo lwesibili.
Bobabili babeyizishoshovu, kanti uRaymond wayebambe iqhaza ngokujulile ekusekeleni i-Scottsboro Boys, intsha eyisishiyagalolunye emnyama esolwa ngokudlwengula.
Usebenze ngamalungelo abasebenzi eMontgomery futhi waqoqa imali ngenxa yalesi sizathu. Lesi sishoshovu sasiyingozi, siholela abalandeli ukuthi bahlangane ezindaweni eziyimfihlo. Ukuze adlulisele imininingwane yomhlangano, uRaymond wasebenzisa indlela ehlakaniphile - ukuma phambi kwesibani esithile somgwaqo futhi ebopha isicathulo sakhe ngendlela ethile. URosa ngothando wambiza ngokuthi “isishoshovu sangempela sokuqala engake ngahlangana naye.”
Ukuzinikela kombhangqwana kwezobulungiswa nokulingana kwalolonga izimpilo zabo, ithonya lokuqala likaRaymond ladlala indima ebalulekile endimeni kaRosa yakamuva njengesithonjana samalungelo omphakathi. Izenzo ezibonakala zijwayelekile zokubopha isicathulo noma ukuma eduze kwesibani sasemgwaqweni zibe nokubaluleka okunamandla ohambweni lwazo olwabiwe lobushoshovu.
10. I-Rosa Parks yenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene empilweni yakhe
Ngo-1933, wathola idiploma yesikole samabanga aphezulu, ukufeza okungajwayelekile kubantu abamnyama ngaleso sikhathi. Naphezu kwemfundo yakhe, ukuthola umsebenzi ofanelana neziqu zakhe kwaba inselele. U-Rosa wathatha indima yokuba yi-ejenti yomshwalense, umabhalane wasehhovisi, umsizi womhlengikazi, nomsebenzi wasendlini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayesenza umsebenzi wokuthunga ekhaya ukuze agcwalise iholo lakhe. Ikhono likaRosa lokuthunga lakhuliswa ngunina kanye nogogo ozala umama, bobabili abakhi bequilt abanekhono abadlulisela ulwazi lwabo kuye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uthole ukuqeqeshwa okusemthethweni kokuthunga eMontgomery Industrial School for Girls ngaphambi kokuqeda imfundo yakhe.
11. I-Rosa Parks idume ngokwenqaba kwayo ukuyeka isihlalo sayo sebhasi, kodwa ubushoshovu bayo baqala eminyakeni edlule.
Emuva ngo-1943, wajoyina i-Montgomery NAACP njengonobhala. Indima kaRosa yayihilela ukuphenya amacala ahlobene nesihluku samaphoyisa, ukubulala, ukudlwengula nokucwasa ngokobuhlanga. Okuqaphelekayo wukuthi uthathe icala elibandakanya ukuthumba nokudlwengulwa kowesifazane omnyama oneminyaka engu-24 ubudala. Ebhekene nokwenqaba kwamaphoyisa endawo ukushushisa abenzi bobubi, uRosa, egameni le-Montgomery NAACP, wazithathela izindaba ezandleni zakhe.
Ukuze abhekane nokungabi nabulungisa, wasungula iKomidi Lezobulungiswa Elinganayo futhi wahlela umkhankaso wokubhala izincwadi kumbusi wase-Alabama. Nakuba ekugcineni kwabizwa ijaji elikhethekile, abahlaseli abazange babekwe amacala ngokusemthethweni. Ngokubona ukuzinikela kwakhe, uRosa waqokwa njengonobhala wezwe wokuqala we-NAACP ngo-1948.
12. Ngemva kokunqoba kokuduba amabhasi e-Montgomery, i-Rosa Parks ihlangabezane nezithiyo ezinkulu ezamphoqa ukuba ashiye izwe lakubo.
Naphezu komphumela oyimpumelelo wokuduba, okwaholela esimemezelweni esiphambene nomthetho-sisekelo sokuhlukaniswa kwezokuthutha zomphakathi, uRosa nomyeni wakhe, uRaymond, babhekana nobunzima. Baphelelwa yimisebenzi futhi bazabalaza ukuthola umsebenzi, konke lokhu bebhekene nezinsongo zokubulawa.
Ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili ngemva kokuphothulwa kokuduba, uRosa, uRaymond, nomama kaRosa bathuthela eDetroit, eMichigan, lapho kwakuhlala khona umfowabo kaRosa. Nakuba bethole ubungcono, ubandlululo luqhubekile ngisho naseNyakatho, lwadala izinselelo kulo mbhangqwana mayelana nokuqashwa okuzinzile kanye nezindlu. Noma kunjalo, naphezu kwalobu bunzima, i-Rosa Parks yahlala igxilile ekuzibophezeleni kwayo ekukhuthazeni ukulingana kwezinhlanga nenkululeko.
13. I-Rosa Parks yadlala indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni u-John Conyers, ummeli osemusha eMichigan, phakathi nohambo lwakhe lwezombangazwe.
Emuva ngawo-1960s, uConyers wayengumuntu ongaphansi komkhankaso wesihlalo esisha se-Congressional eMichigan. Naphezu kwalezi zingqinamba, u-Rosa Parks, eqhutshwa izindinganiso zakhe zokusebenzelana okwabelane ngazo no-Conyers, wavolontiya emkhankasweni wakhe.
Ngo-1965, uConyers wadelela okwakulindelwe futhi waphumelela okhethweni. Eqaphela ukuzinikela kukaPaki, wamqasha ngokushesha ukuthi asebenze ehhovisi lakhe laseDetroit. Lokhu kuphawule inguquko ebalulekile kuPaki, njengoba kwaba umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ozinzile kulandela i-Montgomery Bus Boycott. I-Rosa Parks iqhubekile nokufaka isandla ehhovisi likaConyers kwaze kwaba yilapho ethatha umhlalaphansi ngo-1988, ebonisa ukubambisana okunesikhathi eside okwaqala ngokuzibophezela okwabiwe kubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle namalungelo abasebenzi.
Funda futhi: Abantu abangama-50 abadume kakhulu abavela eMexico
14. I-Rosa Parks yayibambe isonto nenkolo eduze kwenhliziyo yakhe
Ukuze umbambe njengesishoshovu, kubalulekile ukubamba ukholo lwakhe lobuKristu. Esakhula waya esontweni iMount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church ePine Level. Ngisho nalapho esekhulile, ukholo lwakhe lwahlala luqinile.
Encwadini yakhe ethi, “Amandla Athule: Ukholo, Ithemba Nenhliziyo Yowesifazane Owashintsha Isizwe,” uRosa wagcizelela ukubaluleka kwesonto. Wayekubona njengendawo ephephile lapho abantu babengabuthana khona bafunde ngaphandle kokubhekana nokuphathwa ngendlela engafanele. URosa uchaze leli bandla ngokuthi “isisekelo somphakathi wethu.”
Kwakungaphezu nje kwendawo yokukhulekela; kulapho abantu bathola khona ukwesekwa, ulwazi, kanye nokulingana. Ukholo lukaRosa lwalungahlukani nobushoshovu bakhe; kunalokho, kwakhulisa ukuzimisela kwakhe ukulwela ubulungisa nokulingana. Ukuqonda amazwi akhe ngebandla kunikeza ukuqonda kumagugu nezinkolelo eziqondise izenzo zakhe enhlanganweni yamalungelo abantu.
15. Ngonyaka ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, uRosa Parks kwatholakala ukuthi unohlobo lokuwohloka komqondo olwaba lubi kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Wafa ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo. Abantu abaningi bahlonipha inkumbulo yakhe ngemva kokushona kwakhe. Isidumbu sakhe sabekwa e-US Capitol Rotunda eWashington, DC, lapho sibukwe khona umphakathi.
Lokhu kube ukuhlonishwa okubalulekile, njengoba ebengowesifazane wokuqala futhi engowesibili omnyama ukuthola lesi sigqoko. Kuyo yomibili iDetroit neMontgomery, kwenziwa amalungiselelo akhethekile emabhasini ukuze agcine izihlalo ezingaphambili, eziphawulwe ngamaribhoni amnyama, ukuze kukhunjulwe isenzo sakhe sesibindi ebhasini eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambili.
Lapho uRosa Parks engcwatshwa, wangcwatshwa phakathi komyeni wakhe uRaymond, owashona ngo-1977, nonina. Lesi kwakuyisikhathi esithulile nesihloniphekile kulabo ababebabaza isibindi nokuzimisela kwakhe ekulweleni amalungelo abantu. Impilo yeRosa Parks iyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza abantu emhlabeni jikelele.
shiya impendulo