Maphunziro a zochitika nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ofufuza, azachuma, ndi ena kuti apeze mayankho a mafunso m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Maphunzirowa amakhudza mitu yambiri, monga kuwunika zaka zambiri zazanyengo kuti zithandizire kuteteza kapena kupanga malingaliro atsopano mu psychology. Mu bukhu ili, mupeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kafukufuku, ubwino wake, ndi zitsanzo za maphunziro omwe apambana.
Zofufuza zili ngati nkhani zatsatanetsatane zomwe zimathandiza akatswiri kumvetsetsa bwino zochitika zenizeni. Ndiwothandiza m'malo ambiri, monga kudziwa momwe angatetezere chilengedwe kapena kubwera ndi malingaliro atsopano pankhani ya psychology. Poyang'ana zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za kafukufuku, mukhoza kuphunzira za njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe akatswiri amagwiritsira ntchito njirayi kuti aphunzire ndi kupita patsogolo pa ntchito yawo.
Chifukwa chake, ngati mukufuna kudziwa momwe maphunziro ophunzirira amagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi asayansi ndi oganiza, bukuli likupatsani chidule chosavuta komanso chosavuta kumva.
Kodi Case Study ndi Chiyani?
Phunziro lachitsanzo ndi kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane phunziro linalake, lomwe nthawi zambiri limaphatikizapo manambala osiyanasiyana omwe amasonkhanitsidwa pakapita nthawi. Ochita kafukufuku amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi kuti afikitse mfundo zomwe zikugwirizana ndi dziko lenileni. Kwa zaka zambiri, kafukufuku waposachedwa athandizira kumvetsetsa kwathu mwatsatanetsatane magawo osiyanasiyana monga mankhwala, sayansi yandale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi zachuma.
M'maphunzirowa, ochita kafukufuku amafufuza mgwirizano pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi phunziro lapakati. Izi zingaphatikizepo kuphunzira momwe munthu amachitira ndi mankhwala, kumvetsetsa momwe dziko likuyendera pavuto lazachuma, kapena kufufuza momwe mankhwala ophera tizilombo amakhudzira mbewu kwa nthawi yaitali.
Maphunziro a zochitikazi amadalira kwambiri kusonkhanitsa deta ndikuchita kafukufuku woyenerera kuti athetse malingaliro osiyanasiyana m'madera osiyanasiyana. Pazonse, njira iyi imapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pazochitika zenizeni zenizeni, zomwe zimathandizira kupititsa patsogolo chidziwitso mu maphunziro ambiri.
Ubwino Wofufuza Nkhani
Kafukufuku wochitika amapereka maubwino angapo omwe amawapanga kukhala chida chofunikira chofufuzira. Nazi zabwino zinayi zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mawu osavuta:
1. Kusonkhanitsa Chuma Chachidziwitso:
Phunziro lachitsanzo lili ngati nkhokwe ya data. Zimakuthandizani kuti mutole zambiri za mutu wanu, ndikupangitsa kuti kafukufuku wanu azikhala wokhazikika mdziko lenileni. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukuchita kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi bizinezi, mutha kufufuza zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga malipoti azandalama, mbiri ya phindu ndi kutayika, komanso mbiri yosunga makasitomala. Zosiyanasiyana izi zimakupatsani mwayi wopeza malingaliro osiyanasiyana, ndikuwonjezera kuzama kumalingaliro anu enieni.
2. Kuchititsa Maphunziro Kulikonse:
Chinthu chimodzi chabwino pamaphunziro amilandu ndikuti simusowa labu yapamwamba kuti muzichita. Ofufuza nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi kuti aphunzire zinthu zomwe sizingabwerezedwe mu labotale yoyendetsedwa bwino. Tangoganizani kuyang'ana momwe gulu la anthu limawonongera ndalama kwa miyezi ingapo - kafukufuku wina amapangitsa kufufuza kwenikweni kwamtunduwu kukhala kosavuta komanso kothandiza.
3. Kuchepetsa kukondera:
Maphunziro amilandu ndiabwino kwambiri pakuchepetsa kukondera. Chifukwa chakuti amajambula malingaliro osiyanasiyana, malingaliro aumwini a ofufuza sakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri pa zomwe apeza. Kupanda tsankho kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti munthu azitha kufufuza bwinobwino nkhani imene tikuphunzirapo.
4. Kufotokozera Malumikizidwe:
Kupyolera mu maphunziro a zochitika, mukhoza kufufuza njira za zochitika zabwino ndi zoipa. Kutsata uku kumapangitsa zotsatira zenizeni kubwerezedwa, kutsimikizika, komanso zosavuta kuzifotokoza. Zili ngati kulumikiza madontho kuti amvetse chithunzi chachikulu, kuthandiza ofufuza ndi owerenga kuona mgwirizano pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana momveka bwino.
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Kuipa kwa Maphunziro a Nkhani
Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wankhani kumabwera ndi malire akeake, zomwe zimafunikira kulingalira mozama za zovuta zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira yofufuzirayi:
- Kukhazikika Kwambiri: Chotsalira chimodzi chodziwika bwino cha kafukufuku ndi kuthekera kwawo kocheperako kuti afotokozere anthu ambiri. Mikhalidwe yapadera ya chochitika chimodzi sichikhoza kuyimira zochitika zambiri kapena machitidwe.
- Kulephera Kuwonetsa Chifukwa ndi Zotsatira zake: Maphunziro a zochitika sizinapangidwe kuti zikhazikitse causation. Ngakhale kuti amawunika mwatsatanetsatane nkhani inayake, amalephera kusonyeza mgwirizano woyambitsa-ndi-zotsatira pakati pa zosintha.
- Kuthekera Kusowa kwa Sayansi Yamphamvu: Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti kafukufuku wa zochitika angakhale wopanda kukhwima kwa sayansi komwe kumapezeka mu njira zina zofufuzira. Kupanda kuwongolera mokhazikika komanso njira zokhazikika kungayambitse nkhawa za kudalirika komanso kutsimikizika kwa zomwe zapezedwa.
- Chiwopsezo cha Kukondera: Mkhalidwe wokhazikika wa maphunziro amilandu umabweretsa chiwopsezo cha kukondera. Kutanthauzira ndi kuweruza kwa ochita kafukufuku kungakhudze zotsatira zake, zomwe zingathe kusokoneza cholinga cha phunzirolo.
Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Maphunziro
Maphunziro a zochitika ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zofufuzira zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso pazinthu zosiyanasiyana za phunziro. Tiyeni tifufuze mitundu isanu yosiyanasiyana:
1. Chitsanzo cha Phunziro
Mu kafukufuku wamtunduwu, ochita kafukufuku amawona mozama mbali iliyonse ya nkhani inayake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti afufuze mozama komanso mozama za zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa. Cholinga chake ndi kupereka chidziwitso chokwanira cha phunziro lomwe likufufuzidwa.
2. Maphunziro a Intrinsic Case Studies
Ofufuza amayamba maphunziro a zochitika zenizeni pamene ali ndi chidwi pa phunzirolo. Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri ndi zomwe Jean Piaget adawona za ana ake omwe, akuwonetsa momwe kutenga nawo mbali kungathandizire kwambiri pakukula kwa ana ake omwe. malingaliro amalingaliro.
3. Nkhani Yofufuza
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kuti azindikire mafunso ofufuza ndi njira zabwino zophunzirira zotsatila, kafukufuku wofufuza amapeza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi mu sayansi yandale. Amakhala ngati maziko owunikira mozama mitu ina yake ndikufufuza njira zomwe zingatheke pakufufuza mtsogolo.
4. Maphunziro a Pagulu
Maphunziro a zochitika zamagulu amaphatikizapo kufufuza gulu la anthu, kaya ndi malo enieni kapena m'dera lonse. Akatswiri a zamaganizo, mwachitsanzo, amatha kufufuza momwe kupeza zinthu m'deralo kumakhudzira umoyo wamaganizo wa anthu okhalamo.
5. Nkhani Yowonjezera
Mtundu uwu umadalira kusanthula kwa deta yomwe imasonkhanitsidwa panthawi zosiyanasiyana. Mwa kubwerezanso njira zakale zofufuzira kapena maphunziro, kafukufuku wowonjezereka atha kupeza malingaliro atsopano, kuwonetsa kusinthika kwa kumvetsetsa pakapita nthawi.
6. Nkhani Yovuta Kwambiri
Amapangidwa kuti ayankhe mafunso okhudzana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa komanso zotsatira za zochitika zinazake, kafukufuku wovuta kwambiri amapereka chidziwitso chofunikira, makamaka pofufuza zochitika zomwe zimatsutsa zowona zokhazikitsidwa. Zimathandizira kumvetsetsa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa mawonekedwe apadera ozungulira zochitika zazikulu.
7. Nkhani Zamalonda
Kukhazikika pakuwunika zotsatira zoyezeka za njira zotsatsira, zinthu zatsopano, kapena zosankha zina zamabizinesi, kafukufuku wankhani zamalonda amapereka zidziwitso zofunikira pakuchita bwino kwa njira zosiyanasiyana. Maphunzirowa amatenga gawo lofunikira pakukonza zisankho zamtsogolo zamabizinesi ndi njira malonda.
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Zitsanzo za Maphunziro Ochitika M'magawo Osiyanasiyana
M'magawo osiyanasiyana, maphunziro owerengera amapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pazochitika zenizeni. Tiyeni tifufuze zitsanzo zitatu zomwe zimagulitsa malonda, sayansi ya ubongo, ndi psychoanalysis.
1. Kuwonetsa Zamakono
Pazamalonda, kafukufuku wamilandu amakhala ngati zida zamphamvu zowonetsera momwe mabizinesi amachitira zosowa za makasitomala awo. Cholinga chachikulu sikungofalitsa uthenga koma kukopa makasitomala atsopano. Maphunziro amilanduwa ayenera kukhala owoneka bwino, okhala ndi mitu yomveka bwino, zilembo zokongola, komanso chidziwitso cha infographic chosavuta kumva. Cholinga chake ndikuwonetsa momwe bizinesiyo imayankhira pazofunikira za kasitomala.
2. Neuroscience
Nkhani ya Phineas Gage ndi chitsanzo chomvetsa chisoni koma chowunikira mu neuroscience. Kupulumuka kwa Gage pa ngozi yoopsa ya njanji kunapatsa ofufuza mwayi wapadera wowona kusintha kwa khalidwe lake ndi umunthu wake. Magawo owonongeka a ubongo wake, makamaka lobe yakutsogolo, adathandizira kwambiri kumvetsetsa kugwirizana komwe kulipo pakati pa derali ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Kafukufukuyu, ngakhale kuti anali wosasinthika m'malo a labotale, adakhala kufufuza kochititsa chidwi komwe kumathandizira kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi yaubongo ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo.
3. Psychoanalysis
Mizu ya chithandizo chamakono cholankhulirana imachokera ku nkhani yokakamiza ya Anna O, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti Bertha Pappenheim. Akukhala ku Vienna mu 1880, Bertha adayamba kukumana ndi ziwonetsero zazikulu komanso kusinthasintha kwamalingaliro. Joseph Breuer, yemwe ndi mpainiya wa psychoanalysis, anamusamalira. Kupyolera mu magawo angapo pomwe adakambirana momasuka za momwe amamvera mumtima komanso mantha, zizindikiro zake zidachepa pang'onopang'ono. Nkhani ya Anna O kaŵirikaŵiri amavomerezedwa kukhala chipambano chaupainiya m’munda wa psychoanalysis.
Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro amilandu amatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira pamalonda kupita ku neuroscience ndi psychoanalysis. Amapereka zenera la zochitika zenizeni zapadziko lapansi, kupereka maphunziro ofunikira komanso zidziwitso zomwe zimathandizira kukula ndi kumvetsetsa gawo lililonse.
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Momwe Mungalembere Nkhani Yoyeserera
Kuphunzira kulemba nkhani ndikofunika, ndipo pali njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira. Njira ziwiri zodziwika bwino ndi njira zomwe zikuyembekezeka komanso zowonera zakale.
Kafukufuku woyembekezeredwa amaphatikizapo kuyang'ana anthu kapena magulu kuti amvetsetse zotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza amatha kuyang'ana gulu la anthu pakapita nthawi kuti aphunzire kukula kwa matenda enaake. Njirayi imathandizira kuzindikira machitidwe ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza zotsatira zake.
Kumbali inayi, maphunziro a zochitika zakale amasanthula mbiri yakale. Ofufuza amayamba ndi zotsatira, monga matenda, kenako amabwerera mmbuyo m'moyo wa munthuyo kuti apeze zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa. Njirayi imapereka zidziwitso pazifukwa zomwe zingayambitse kuyambika kwa chikhalidwe china.
Kuphatikiza apo, kaya mukuwona zomwe zikuchitika kapena mukuwunika zomwe zachitika m'mbuyomu, kumvetsetsa njira zomwe zikuyembekezeka komanso zowunikiranso ndikofunikira kuti mulembe bwino.
Siyani Mumakonda