Psychology ili ndi masukulu angapo amalingaliro kapena malingaliro ndipo nthawi zambiri amapereka malingaliro osiyanasiyana amomwe angaphunzirire psychology ngati phunziro.
Psychology inayamba kuonekera ngati sayansi yokha pamene panali mkangano pa momwe maganizo aumunthu amagwirira ntchito. Poyamba, panali malingaliro angapo koma katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku Germany Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt anali wafilosofi woyamba kutsegula labotale yamaganizo mu 1897.
Wilhelm Wundt amadziwika chifukwa cha ntchito zake ndipo masiku ano amadziwika kuti ndiye woyambitsa psychology. Wundt adayambitsanso sukulu yoyamba yamalingaliro yomwe timayidziwa masiku ano ngati structuralism.
Sukulu yamalingaliro imakhala ndi anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro ofanana omwe amamvetsetsa zomwezo. Masukulu osiyanasiyana amalingaliro alipo lero ndipo adaphunziridwa kuti amvetsetse bwino momwe malingaliro amunthu amagwirira ntchito.
Kodi Sukulu ya Lingaliro N'chiyani?
Psychology ndi kuphunzira kwa malingaliro aumunthu ndipo sukulu yamalingaliro imalongosola gulu la anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro ofanana, nzeru, ndi luntha.
Limatchula anthu amene ali m’gulu linalake potengera zimene amakhulupirira kapena zimene amachita pa nkhani inayake.
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Sukulu Zazikulu Zamalingaliro mu Psychology
Tiyeni tifufuze masukulu akuluakulu asanu ndi limodzi amalingaliro amalingaliro.
Kapangidwe kazinthu
Structuralism inali sukulu yoyamba yamalingaliro yamalingaliro yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri pakuwerenga njira zamaganizidwe pozigawa m'magulu ofunikira.
Malinga ndi Valentinasolci.medium.com, Wilhelm Wundt, yemwe anayambitsa sukulu yamaganizoyi adadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha ntchito yake ndipo adalandira zambiri.
Wophunzira wa Wundt Edward B. Titchener amadziwikanso kuti ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri oganiza bwino.
Sukulu yoyamba yamalingaliro yamalingaliro imayang'ana pakuwunika kapangidwe ka malingaliro amunthu. Cholinga chake ndi kumvetsetsa momwe malingaliro amapangidwira kuti azigwira ntchito komanso momwe anthu amasinthira ku zikhulupiriro zatsopano.
Pokhala sukulu yoyamba yamalingaliro, structuralism imawunika momwe anthu amaonera komanso malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Sukulu yamalingaliro iyi yapangitsa akatswiri ambiri azamisala kukhala ofunitsitsa kufufuza ndi kumvetsetsa zigawo zikuluzikulu za malingaliro ozindikira.
Wilhelm Maximillian Wundt anali katswiri wa zamaganizo yemwe adayandikira lingaliro ili mwapadera. Njira yake yomvetsetsa cholinga ichi inali kugwiritsa ntchito chida chowunikira.
Introspection imaphatikizapo kuyesa kudziwa zomwe zatichitikira m'kati mwathu payekha komanso kuganizira zomwe tikudziwa.
Otsutsa ambiri anali ndi malingaliro osiyana okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito introspection ngati chida, ngakhale kuti sukuluyi ya kuganiza ikuwongolera maganizo pa nthawiyo. nthawi zambiri anthu aŵiri amaona chinthu chimodzi mofanana.
Kugwira ntchito
American psychologist ndi filosofi William James ndi katswiri wa magwiridwe antchito, imodzi mwasukulu zamaganizidwe mu psychology. William James anali wafilosofi yemwe anali ndi malingaliro osiyana okhudza ntchito ndi kapangidwe kake.
Katswiri wamaphunziro a ku America komanso wafilosofi ankakhulupirira kuphunzira momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito m'malo mophunzira momwe zimakhalira.
Sukulu yamalingaliro iyi imafotokoza momwe malingaliro amagwirira ntchito komanso njira zamaganizidwe zomwe zimalimbikitsa kusintha.
Ogwira ntchito amawona malingaliro amunthu ngati kompyuta ndipo kuti amvetsetse momwe malingaliro amagwirira ntchito, amawawona ngati mapulogalamu. Malingaliro aumunthu ndi ovuta komanso kuti amvetsetse momwe amagwirira ntchito m'maganizo, amayenera kuunika mwapadera.
Ogwira ntchito adatsimikiza mtima kuti adziwe chifukwa chake njira zina zamaganizidwe zimachitika. Izi zinapangitsa kuti aphunzire mozama za kusintha, zolimbikitsa, ana, ndi zinyama.
Ogwira ntchito adachita zoyeserera zawo pogwiritsa ntchito introspection ngati chida.
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Khalidwe labwino
Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 20, khalidwe labwino linawonekera ngati sukulu yopambana yamaganizo, yopambana magwiridwe antchito ndi kapangidwe kake.
Behaviourism ndi imodzi mwasukulu zamaganizidwe mu psychology yomwe idakula m'ma 1950s. Ndi sukulu yamalingaliro yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri pakuwerenga malingaliro amunthu pofufuza zolimbikitsa ndi mayankho.
Behaviourism imangofotokoza kafukufuku wa machitidwe owoneka. Katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku America John B. Watson anapititsa patsogolo psychology poyambitsa khalidwe.
Pothandizira ku ntchito za Watson, katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku America B.F. Skinner anali mmodzi wa akatswiri a khalidwe omwe anavomereza lingaliro la khalidwe laumunthu kuti lifufuzidwe.
Skinner analimbikitsa lingaliro la kuyesa khalidwe laumunthu mwa kulimbikitsa ndi kulanga ndi zifukwa za chilengedwe, m'malo mwa zifukwa zamkati.
Watson adatsimikiza mtima kuphunzira malingaliro amunthu mozama komanso mozama kwambiri za psychology kuti akhale gawo lasayansi. Otsutsa sukuluyi ya maganizo komabe anali ndi maganizo osiyana.
Ankakhulupirira kuti zisonkhezero zina zamaganizo zimachitika mwachibadwa, motero kuphunzira makhalidwe abwino n’kofunika kuti timvetsetse maganizo a munthu mosakayika.
Psychalt psychology
Akatswiri a zamaganizo a Gestalt amakhulupirira kuti maganizo a munthu amagwira ntchito mwapadera mwa kutenga ndi kutanthauzira zambiri kudzera m'malamulo osiyanasiyana, malamulo, kapena kulinganiza mfundo.
Awa ndi akatswiri a zamaganizo omwe amakhulupirira kuphunzira malingaliro aumunthu ndikukumana nawo pamodzi m'malo mowagawaniza m'zigawo zing'onozing'ono. Akatswiri a zamaganizowa amadziwika ndi mawu awo otchuka akuti "Chinthu chonsecho ndi chachikulu kuposa chiwerengero cha zigawo zake".
Zitsanzo zina za akatswiri a maganizo a Gestalt ndi Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, ndi Wolfgang Köhler.
Akatswiri a zamaganizo a Gestalt ali otsimikiza kuti ndikofunika kuti muyang'ane zochitika zonse, m'malo moziphwanya mu zigawo zikuluzikulu. Kuwona chinyengo ndi chodabwitsa ndipo kumvetsetsa momwe zimakhudzira malingaliro amunthu ndi chitsanzo cha kuganiza kwa gestalt.
Psychology yolingalira
Tikadali pa phunziro la masukulu a maganizo a psychology. Tiyeni tifufuze psychology yachidziwitso ndi zonse zomwe zilipo.
Ndiye, cognitive psychology ndi chiyani?
Ndi nthambi ya psychology yokhudzana ndi kuphunzira momwe anthu amaganizira, kuphatikiza momwe anthu amakumbukira, kuzindikira, kuphunzira, ndi kuganiza.
Nthambi iyi ya psychology imagwirizana ndi maphunziro ena monga sayansi ya ubongo, zinenero, ndi filosofi chifukwa ndi gawo la phunziro lalikulu la sayansi yamaganizo.
Cognitive psychology monga sukulu yamalingaliro imakhala ndi malingaliro angapo. Lingaliro lamphamvu kuchokera kusukulu yamalingaliro iyi linali lingaliro la Jean Piaget la "gawo la chitukuko cha chidziwitso".
Limanena kuti ana nthawi zambiri amadutsa m'magawo angapo opita patsogolo anzeru.
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Humanistic Psychology
Psychology yaumunthu idatulukira ngati sukulu yamalingaliro monga kuyankha pamakhalidwe ndi psychoanalysis. Imasiyana ndi masukulu ena amalingaliro mu psychology chifukwa imayang'ana kwambiri kuthandiza anthu kuti asinthe ufulu wawo wosankha, kudzidziwitsa okha, komanso kukula kwawo.
Akatswiri a zamaganizo aku America Carl Rogers ndi Abraham Maslow ndi awiri oganiza bwino aumunthu.
Carl Rogers anali mmodzi mwa akatswiri a zamaganizo aumunthu omwe sanagwirizane ndi lingaliro lakuti zochita zathu zimayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu zina. Abraham Maslow kumbali ina ndi wotchuka popanga "Hierarchy of Needs" yomwe imapereka chidziwitso chochulukirapo panjira iyi.
Sukulu yamalingaliro iyi inali njira yosavuta yotsutsana ndi psychoanalysis ndi khalidwe. Psychology yaumunthu idatsogolera ku mtundu wina wa chithandizo chomwe cholinga chake ndi kuthandiza anthu kuti akwaniritse zomwe angathe.
Kusanthula Maganizo
Lingaliro la psychoanalytic limalongosola machitidwe amunthu powunika malingaliro a subconscious.
Sigmund Freud amakhulupirira kuti chibadwa chofuna kufunafuna zosangalatsa, chomwe katswiri wa ubongo wa ku Austria amachitcha kugonana, ndicho chiyambi cha chitukuko chaumunthu.
Freud amakhulupirira kuti chitukuko chimachitika mu magawo osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale ana amapeza chisangalalo chimenechi akamakula. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi mmene mayi akuyamwitsa bere lake.
Katswiri wa minyewa wa ku Austria ankakhulupiriranso kuti maganizo a munthu ali ndi zinthu zitatu zosiyana, zomwe zimaphatikizapo ego, malonda, ndi superego.
Mwana wamkazi wa Sigmund Freud Anna Freud nayenso anali psychoanalyst yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi mmodzi mwa oganiza bwino a maganizo. Anna Freud, Erik Erikson, ndi Carl Jung ndi ena mwa oganiza bwino a psychodynamic.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Pansipa pali mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi okhudza masukulu amalingaliro mu psychology.
Kodi sukulu yamalingaliro ndi chiyani?
Psychology ndi kuphunzira kwa malingaliro aumunthu ndipo sukulu yamalingaliro imalongosola gulu la anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro ofanana, nzeru, ndi luntha.
Kodi tanthauzo la sukulu ya malingaliro ndi chiyani?
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Sukulu ya maganizo imalongosola gulu la anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro ofanana, nzeru, ndi filosofi.
Kodi sukulu yoyamba yamalingaliro mu psychology inali iti?
Pali masukulu angapo amalingaliro koma oyambilira anali structuralism ndi magwiridwe antchito. Yoyamba inali sukulu yoyamba ya maganizo mu psychology.
Kodi masukulu akuluakulu asanu ndi limodzi amalingaliro mu psychology ndi ati?
Masukulu akuluakulu asanu ndi limodzi amalingaliro mu psychology ndi structuralism, behaviourism, functionalism, cognitive psychology, Gestalt psychology, ndi psychoanalysis.
Kodi functionalism ngati sukulu yamalingaliro mu psychology ndi chiyani?
Katswiri wa zamaganizo waku America komanso filosofi William James ndi katswiri wa magwiridwe antchito, imodzi mwasukulu zamaganizidwe mu psychology. William James anali wafilosofi yemwe anali ndi malingaliro osiyana okhudza ntchito ndi kapangidwe kake.
Kutsiliza
Structuralism ndi magwiridwe antchito ndi masukulu oyambilira amalingaliro mu Psychology. Mawu akuti psychology amawunika momwe malingaliro amunthu amapangidwira kudzera m'masukulu ake osiyanasiyana amalingaliro.
Masukulu amakono a Psychology, khalidwe ndi maganizo a maganizo onse ali ndi mphamvu, pamene psychology yaumunthu idapangidwa monga yankho la khalidwe ndi psychoanalysis.
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