Switzerland ta shahara saboda yanayin rayuwa mai kyau, ingantattun ababen more rayuwa, da sadaukar da kai ga dorewar muhalli.
Makullin nasarar Switzerland da haɗin kai na zamantakewar al'umma ya ta'allaka ne a cikin ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa, wanda aka danganta ga harsunan hukuma huɗu na ƙasar. Tambayar ita ce; Wadanne harsuna ake magana a Switzerland?
Ba kamar sauran al'ummomi masu harsuna da yawa ba, Switzerland ta yi nasarar gujewa tashe-tashen hankula na gama gari. Ƙarfin mutanen Swiss na yin magana da harsunan hukuma guda huɗu yana aiki a matsayin babban ƙarfi.
Ko da yake ana amfani da waɗannan harsunan a duk faɗin ƙasar, galibi an tattara su a wasu yankuna. Wannan bambance-bambancen harshe yana ba da gudummawa ga mosaic na al'adu na musamman na Switzerland, yana haɓaka fahimtar haɗin kai da fahimtar mutane.
Swisswan sun rungumi yarukansu da yawa, suna samar da yanayi mai jituwa inda al'ummomin harsuna daban-daban ke zama tare cikin lumana. Wannan tsarin hadaka ba wai yana inganta hadin kan al'umma ba ne, har ma yana nuna kudurin kasar na rungumar bambance-bambance a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na asalinta.
Harsunan da ake magana a Switzerland
Harshen Jamusanci Swiss
Swiss German shine yaren da aka fi magana a Switzerland. Kusan kashi 60 cikin XNUMX na mutane suna magana ne musamman a arewaci, tsakiya da kuma gabashin kasar. Yan unguwa suna kiransa Schwyzerdütsch, kuma ya ƙunshi yarukan Alemannic waɗanda ba a ƙara amfani da su a Jamus ko Austriya.
Yaran Swiss suna koyon Jamusanci daidai a makaranta, don haka za su iya yin magana cikin sauƙi tare da Jamusawa, Austrians, da sauran masu magana da Jamusanci. Suna canjawa zuwa Standard German cikin sauƙi lokacin magana da wanda ba ya jin Jamusanci Swiss.
Tunda ba duk yarukan Jamusanci na Swiss ke da daidaitaccen tsari na rubutaccen tsari ba, dokoki, littattafai, da jaridu ana rubuta su cikin Standard German. Shi ya sa yawancin Jamusawan Swiss ke kiran shi Schriftdeutsch, wanda ke nufin "Jamus ɗin da aka rubuta."
Jamusanci Swiss ba yare ɗaya ba ne - ya bambanta da yawa dangane da inda kuke. Misali, yare a Zurich ya bambanta da Basel, kuma ya bambanta a ƙauyen Alpine.
Al'amura na yau da kullun suna amfani da Standard German, musamman idan akwai masu magana da Jamusanci waɗanda ba Swiss ba a kusa. Amma a cikin sirri da kuma tsakanin Jamusawa na Swiss, yare ya zama al'ada.
Harshen Faransanci na Swiss
Faransanci shine yaren da ya mamaye yammacin ƙasar, yanki da aka sani da Faransanci na Swiss.
A cewar Wikipedia, kusan kashi 22% na al'ummar Switzerland suna magana da Faransanci, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama babban tasiri na harshe a biranen Geneva da Lausanne. Idan kuna shirin tafiya zuwa waɗannan wurare na Switzerland, samun ƙamus na Faransanci na iya zama da amfani, saboda galibin wuraren da ake magana da Faransanci ne.
Idan aka kwatanta da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin Swiss German da Standard German, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin Faransanci na Swiss da Faransanci da ake magana a Faransa ba su da faɗi sosai. Ko da yake akwai wasu bambance-bambance a cikin ƙamus da maganganu, daidaikun mutanen da suka ƙware a cikin Harshen Faransanci ya kamata su sami sauƙin ɗaukar Faransanci na Swiss.
Yawancin Faransanci a cikin biranen Switzerland yana haifar da yanayi na harshe daban-daban, yana mai da amfani ga matafiya su sami ɗan ilimin harshe. Ko kuna bincika wadatar al'adun Geneva ko kuna jin daɗin kyan gani na Lausanne, samun ainihin fahimtar Faransanci na iya haɓaka ƙwarewar ku da hulɗar ku da mutanen gida.
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Harshen Italiyanci na Swiss
Italiyanci na Swiss suna zaune a kudancin Switzerland, kusa da kan iyaka da Italiya. Suna da yawan masu magana 673,000, sun zama kusan kashi 8% na al'ummar ƙasar.
Ga duk wanda ya saba da Italiyanci ko koyan yaren, Italiyanci na Swiss yana da sauƙin fahimta, kama da Faransanci na Swiss. Babban bambancin ya ta'allaka ne a cikin wasu mahimman kalmomin lamuni daga Jamusanci da Faransanci.
Duk da kasancewar yarukan gida irin su Ticinese da sauran bambance-bambancen da suka shafi Lombard, Italiyanci na Swiss yayi kama da Standard Italian a Switzerland.
Ya bambanta da Standard Italiyanci, Italiyanci na Swiss ya fita waje don amfani da "calques," jimlolin da suke kama da fassarar zahiri daga Faransanci da Jamusanci.
Misali, yayin da kalmar Italiyanci don "lasisi na direba" shine "Patente," Italiyanci na Swiss suna amfani da "Licenza di condurre," fassarar kai tsaye daga kalmar Faransanci "permis de conduire." Duk da waɗannan ɓangarorin harshe, gabaɗayan sadarwar da ke tsakanin Italiyanci na Swiss da masu magana da Standard Italiyanci ta kasance mai santsi.
Harshen Romanci
Romansh ƙaramin harshe ne da mutane 37,000 kawai ke magana. Ya zama harshen ƙasa a Switzerland a cikin 1938, amma sai a 1996 ya sami karɓuwa a hukumance.
A yankin kudu maso gabashin Grisons, Romansh harshe ne na hukuma da ake amfani da shi wajen gudanar da mulki da ilimi, da kuma sadarwa ta yau da kullun tsakanin al'umma.
Duk da fuskantar gasa daga Italiyanci da Jamusanci, Romansh ya rayu har zuwa karni na 21. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda yawancin masu magana da Romansh sun fito ne daga keɓe, yankuna masu tsaunuka a kudu maso gabashin Switzerland.
Tasirin harshen Jamus a kan Romansh yana da mahimmanci. Duk da ƙaramin tushe mai magana, Romansh yana da yaruka biyar waɗanda ake amfani da su a rayuwar yau da kullun. Ƙoƙarin da gwamnati ke yi na haɓaka haɗin kan “pan-Romansh” ya sami sakamako iri ɗaya a matakin ƙaramar hukuma.
Bambance-bambancen harsuna da yawa a Switzerland
Switzerland ta jaddada mahimmancin ɗaukar harshen ƙasa don haɗin kai. Koyaya, ɗimbin yawan baƙi a ƙasar har yanzu sun fi son sadarwa cikin yarukansu na asali.
Bisa lafazin Ofishin Kididdiga na Tarayyar Swiss, harsunan da ake magana da su a cikin ƙasar sun haɗa da Ingilishi, Fotigal, Albaniya, da dai sauransu.
Wani sanannen kashi na yawan jama'a a Switzerland suna sadarwa da farko a cikin yarukan ban da na ƙasa. Kimanin kashi 5.8% na yawan jama'a suna magana da Ingilishi, 3.5% suna magana da Fotigal, 3.2% suna sadarwa cikin Albaniya, 2.3% cikin Serbo Croatian, da 2.4% cikin Mutanen Espanya. Bugu da ƙari, akwai kashi 8.2% da ke amfani da harsunan da ke faɗuwa ƙarƙashin rukunin "Sauran."
Bambance-bambancen harshe a Switzerland yana ba da haske game da zaman tare da harsuna daban-daban a cikin iyakokinta. Duk da annashuwa da harshe na ƙasa don zama ƙasa, kasancewar harsuna da yawa yana nuna ɗimbin kaset ɗin al'adu da yawancin baƙi na ƙasar suka tsara. Ƙididdiga na nuna mahimmancin ci gaba na ganewa da kuma ɗaukar bambancin harshe a Switzerland.
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Gaisuwa cikin Harsuna daban-daban Ana magana a Switzerland
Harsuna huɗu daban-daban na hukuma ana magana a Switzerland. Ga wasu sassauƙan gaisuwar da za ku iya amfani da su:
Sannu:
- A cikin Jamusanci na Swiss, kuna cewa "Hallo."
- A cikin Faransanci na Swiss, "Bonjour."
- A cikin Italiyanci na Swiss, zaku iya cewa "Ciao."
- A cikin Romansh, kuna da 'yan zaɓuɓɓuka: "Cia," "Tgau," ko "Allegra."
Ban kwana:
- Don yin bankwana da Jamusanci na Swiss, kuna cewa "Auf Wiedersehen."
- A cikin Faransanci na Swiss, "Au revoir."
- A cikin Italiyanci na Swiss, zaku ce "Addio."
- A cikin Romansh, shine "Ade."
Don Allah:
- Idan kana so ka ce don Allah a cikin Jamusanci na Swiss, ka ce "Bitte."
- A cikin Faransanci na Swiss, shine "S'il vous plaît."
- A cikin Italiyanci na Swiss, zaku iya cewa "Kowace fa'ida."
- A cikin Romansh, shine "Per plastair."
Na gode:
- Don yin godiya a cikin Jamusanci na Swiss, kuna cewa "Danke."
- A cikin Faransanci na Swiss, "Merci."
- A cikin Italiyanci na Swiss, kuna cewa "Grazie."
- A cikin Romansh, shine "Grazia."
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