Umphakathi waseMelika wekhulu le-18 nele-19 kwakungewona owabantu abaMnyama ukuba babambe noma yisiphi isikhundla esibalulekile. Umuntu omnyama ukuba uthisha kwakuyinto eyayingalindelekile ngaleso sikhathi.
Ezweni lanamuhla, sikhuthaza ukuba nabantu abahlukahlukene abanezizinda ezihlukene emsebenzini. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi esikhathini esingeside kakhulu, abantu abamnyama babhekane nemingcele emikhakheni eminingi yemisebenzi.
Ngisho nalapho izingane eziMnyama zigcina zivunyelwe ukuya esikoleni, kwathatha iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi kokuba othisha abaMnyama bafundise ngokukhululeka ngaphandle kokubhekana nokuphikiswa. Emuva ngasekupheleni kwawo-1700, iqembu elincane labantu abanesibindi labekela inselele imikhuba yobandlululo futhi laba othisha abahle kakhulu. Lokhu kusiholela embuzweni othi: ngubani ophethe isicoco sikathisha wokuqala omnyama eMelika?
Umlando Wokuhlukaniswa Kwezikole
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kwakunomqondo ongokomthetho owawubizwa ngokuthi “Ihlukene kodwa iyalingana,” eyamiswa iNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-1896. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi abantu abaNsundu nabamhlophe babengahlukaniswa kodwa baphathwe ngokulinganayo.
Kodwa-ke, empeleni, abantu abaMnyama baphoqeleka ukuba baye ezikoleni ezihlukene, ezingaxhaswanga kahle ngemva kweMpi Yombango nangesikhathi Sokwakha Kabusha.
Ngokushesha ku-1954, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US yamemezela ukuthi "Okuhlukene kodwa kuyalingana" kuphambene nomthethosisekelo icala likaBrown v. Ibhodi Lezemfundo likaTopeka.
Lesi sinqumo saphawula inguquko, saqeda izikole ezihlukene ngokwezinhlanga futhi saba neqhaza elikhulu enhlanganweni yamalungelo abantu. Naphezu kwalesi sinqumo esihle, abaningi ezweni benqaba, okwenza ushintsho lwezenhlalo lwaba inselele.
Abafundi abamnyama babonise isibindi esimangalisayo ngokungena ezikoleni ezazinabamhlophe, futhi othisha abaNsundu babhekana nezinselele ezinkulu njengoba beqala imisebenzi yabo. Lokhu kushintshwa kwenqubomgomo kwakuyisinyathelo esibalulekile esiya phambili, kodwa ukunqoba ukuphikiswa nokugqugquzela ukulingana kwangempela kwakudinga ukuzimisela namandla amakhulu.
Ingabe uSusie King Taylor unguthisha Wokuqala Omnyama eMelika?
USusie King Taylor (1848-1912) ubambe indawo ekhethekile emlandweni njengomunye wothisha bokuqala abamnyama eMelika. Udlale indima ebalulekile ekufundiseni wakhulula izigqila zase-Afrika-America eGeorgia, okushiya uphawu olungenakucimeka endaweni yemfundo yase-Afrika-yaseMelika.
Ngokusho kwe-Wikipedia, UTaylor wayengumhlengikazi wokuqala wase-Afrika-waseMelika owasebenza nebutho ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango yaseMelika.
Njengoba azalelwa ebugqilini emasimini eGeorgia, uSusie wabhekana nezithiyo zemfundo. Nokho, uhambo lwakhe lwashintsha lapho eyohlala nogogo wakhe okhululekile e-Savannah eneminyaka eyisikhombisa. Naphezu kwemingcele engokomthetho, uSusie wathola iziyalezo eziyimfihlo kwabesifazane ababili base-Afrika baseMelika kanye nentsha emibili emhlophe. Ukomela kwakhe ulwazi kwaqhubeka.
Ngo-April 1862, impilo ka-Susie yashintsha kakhulu lapho ethola inkululeko ngemva kokubalekela isikebhe sombuso eduze ne-Confederate-phethwe i-Fort Pulaski. Wahlala kabusha e-Union-eccuped St. Simons Island, lapho aqala khona ukufundisa akanye nabo ababeyizigqila eneminyaka eyishumi nane kuphela. Lokhu kwaphawula ukuqala komsebenzi wakhe onomthelela kwezemfundo.
Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yombango, uSusie wabuyela eSavannah nomyeni wakhe, uSergeant Edward King. Lapho, wasungula isikole esizimele sezingane zabakhululiwe. Kodwa-ke isikole sibhekane nokuvalwa kungakapheli iminyaka emibili ngenxa yokuvulwa kolunye uhlelo lomphakathi. Naphezu kwezingqinamba, u-Susie wahlala eqinile emsebenzini wakhe wokuthuthukisa umphakathi wakubo ngawo imfundo.
Kamuva empilweni, uSusie wabhala inkumbulo yakhe, "Izikhumbuzo Zempilo Yami Enkambini Namasosha Anemibala Yase-United States angama-33, Amavolontiya Okuqala Akamuva E-SC.” Encwadini yakhe, ukhulume ngokungananazi ngezinselelo eziqhubekayo zokucwasa ngenkathi ezwakalisa nethemba ngekusasa. Ugqamise inqubekelaphambili emangalisayo eyenziwe abantu base-Afrika baseMelika kusukela ekuqedweni kobugqila, egcizelela ukuphishekela kwabo ukulingana nenkululeko okuqhubekayo.
Ifa lika-Susie King Taylor lisebenza njengobufakazi bokuqina nokuzimisela kwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika lapho bebhekene nobunzima. Imizamo yakhe yobungqalabutho kwezemfundo yavulela izizukulwane ezizayo indlela, yakhuthaza abantu abaningi ukuba baphokophelele ukwenza kahle naphezu kwezithiyo abangase babhekane nazo.
Othisha Abansundu Abaphayona Abalolonga Umlando
Emibhalweni yomlando, othisha abaningi abaNsundu bashiye uphawu olungasuki, kodwa ake siphawule abantu ababili abaphawulekayo ababa negalelo elikhulu.
Hlangana no-Fanny Jackson Coppin (1837-1913), i-trailblazer kanye nothishanhloko wokuqala omnyama e-United States. Emuva ngo-1865, wafinyelela ingqopha-mlando ngokuba ngomunye wabesifazane bokuqala abamnyama ukuthola iziqu zasekolishi e-Oberlin College e-Ohio. Lapho ephishekela imfundo yakhe, uFanny wathatha isinyathelo sokuqala sokusungula isikole esinamakilasi akusihlwa anikezelwe ukufundisa izigqila ezikhululiwe.
Ngemva kokunyukela esikhundleni sokuba uthishanhloko e-Institute for Colored Youth, waphinde waqashelwa lapho iBhodi Lezemfundo LasePhiladelphia limqoka njengonsumpa. Ezalelwe ebugqilini, u-Fanny wathatha ukulawula ikusasa lakhe futhi waqopha umlando ngokuba unsumpa wokuqala omnyama wesifunda sesikole.
Manje, ake sinake u-Kelly Miller (1863-1939), umuntu oqavile owaba ngumfundi wokuqala omnyama oneziqu zezibalo kanye nesitshudeni sokuqala esiMnyama esasikhona e-Johns Hopkins University.
Ngo-1907, uMiller wathatha isikhundla sokuba yinduna eHoward's College of Arts and Sciences. Umthelela wakhe awuzwakalanga nje kuphela ekucwengisiseni uhlelo lwezifundo kodwa nasemsebenzini omangalisayo wokubhalisa okuphindwe kathathu phakathi neminyaka emine nje kuphela. Njengoba uMiller ethuthuka empilweni yakhe, wazinikela emzamweni omuhle wokwandisa ukufinyelela emfundweni ephakeme kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika.
Laba bafundisi ababili, UFanny Jackson Coppin futhi Kelly Miller yima njengezibani ezikhuthazayo emlandweni wemfundo yabaNsundu. Imizamo yabo yobuphayona yavulela izizukulwane ezizayo indlela, ikhombisa ukuqina, ukuzimisela, nokuzinikela okungaguquki ekubhidlizeni imigoqo ekuphishekeleni ulwazi.
Ukuvala Igebe Lomshikashika Oqhubekayo Wothisha Abahlukahlukene
Ubuwazi ukuthi abafundi abaningi abamnyama nabaLatino abakaze bababone othisha abafana nabo emakilasini abo? Naphezu kwenqubekelaphambili kusukela ngesikhathi sikaJim Crow, kusenezinkinga ezinkulu ohlelweni lwezemfundo okufanele sizilungise.
Ngokwesifundo esenziwe yi Pew Research Center kusukela ngo-2018-2019, bangu-16% kuphela othisha e-US abaMnyama noma Hispanic, umehluko omkhulu ku-42% wabafundi abamnyama nabama-Hispanic.
Ukushoda kothisha abehlukene kunomthelela oqondile kubafundi bemibala. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi uma abafundi befunda kothisha abanesizinda sobuhlanga esifana nesabo, benza kangcono ezifundweni. Ukuba nezibonelo ezibukeka njengabo kukhuthaza abafundi ukuthi bakholelwe emandleni abo. Lokhu kukhuphula ukuzethemba kuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamaphuzu okufunda nezibalo, kanye nokwenyuka kwamazinga okuphothula.
Wonke umuntu udinga ukufaka isandla ekuhlukaniseni uhlelo lwezemfundo ukuze abafundi bemibalabala bathole imfundo engcono kakhulu. Izikhungo zemfundo kufanele zinikeze imfundo efinyelelekayo, esezingeni eliphezulu kunoma yimuphi umfundi oqeqeshiwe nganoma yiziphi izindlela ezingenzeka. Kufanele bawusebenzise ngenkuthalo lo msebenzi ngokugcina ubuhlakani obuhlukahlukene obubonisa isizinda sabafundi bethu.
Ubani Uthisha Wokuqala Omnyama? Isiphetho
Ekubhekaneni nezinselele zamanje, kubalulekile ukufuna isiqondiso sakudala. Bambalwa abawazi ama-trailblazer okuqala aBamnyama kwezemfundo, nokho izindaba zabo zikhanyisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulingana ohlelweni lwethu lwezemfundo.
Ukwazi ngala maphayona kukunika amandla okufaka isandla ngendlela eyakhayo emphakathini wakini, kugqugquzele ukwehluka hhayi ekufundiseni kuphela kodwa nakuyo yonke imisebenzi. Nweba ukuhlola kwakho udlule abantu abaMnyama bomlando; ukuqonda okuphelele komlando wethu kwenza wonke umuntu adlale indima ebalulekile ekwakheni ikusasa elinobulungiswa nelibandakanyayo. Ukwamukela lolu lwazi, umuntu ngamunye angenza umthelela obalulekile, asebenzele ikusasa eliqhakazile nelilinganayo.
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