Ocwaningweni lwesayensi, kunezinto ezimbili ezibalulekile ezibizwa ngeziguquguquko ezizimele nezincikile. Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ukuthi yikuphi okuguquguqukayo okuzimele nokuncikile, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo nezibonelo.
Okuguquguqukayo okuzimele yilokho ososayensi abakushintshayo noma abakulawulayo ekuhloleni. Benza lokhu ukuze babone ukuthi kwenzekani kokuguquguquka okuncikile.
Okuguquguqukayo okuncikile kuyinto ososayensi abayihlolayo futhi abayikalayo ocwaningweni. Kuya ngokuthi ososayensi benzani ngokuguquguquka okuzimele. Lapho ososayensi beshintsha okuguquguqukayo okuzimele, bayabuka futhi babhale ukuthi kwenzekani kokuguquguquka okuncikile.
Ngakho-ke, ngamagama alula, okuguquguqukayo okuzimele yikho okushintshwayo, futhi okuncikile yikhona okubonisa umphumela walolo shintsho. Ososayensi babheka ukuthi okuhluka okuncikile kusabela kanjani lapho benza izinto kokuguquguquka okuzimele.
Kuyini Ukuguquguquka Okuzimele?
Okuguquguqukayo okuzimele kuyinto ososayensi abayishintshayo ngenhloso ekuhloleni ukuze babone ukuthi kwenzekani. Kufana neswishi abayivulayo noma abayivalayo ukuze babone imiphumela. Ososayensi kwesinye isikhathi bangasetha le swishi ibe ngamavelu ahlukene ukuze bafunde kabanzi ngayo. Kodwa, kwezinye izimo, abakwazi ukukulawula ngokuqondile, nokho basabuka ukuthi kuwuthinta kanjani umphumela wokuhlolwa.
Ososayensi bangasebenzisa amagama ahlukene ukuze bakhulume ngeziguquguquko ezizimele. Isibonelo, uma benza okuthile okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlehla komugqa, bangase babize okuguquguqukayo okuzimele ngokuthi “okuguquguqukayo okusohlangothini lwesokudla” ngoba kubonakala ngakwesokudla seshadi. Bangase futhi bazibize ngokuguquguqukayo kokubikezela ngoba zisiza ososayensi ukuthi benze izibikezelo mayelana nokuthi kuzokwenzekani ocwaningweni.
Elinye igama iziguquguquko ezichazayo ngoba zisiza ukuchaza imiphumela yokugcina. Ngakho-ke, okuguquguqukayo okuzimele kufana nento esemqoka ososayensi abayishintshayo noma abayibhekayo ukuze baqonde ukuthi iluthinta kanjani ucwaningo.
Izinhlobo Ezimbili Zokuguquguquka Okuzimele
- Okuguquguqukayo kokuhlola: Lokhu kwaziwa nangokuthi okuguquguqukayo okulawulwayo ngoba abacwaningi bangakwazi ukuzishintsha noma bazilawule phakathi nokuhlolwa ukuze babone ukuthi ziyithinta kanjani imiphumela. Isibonelo, uma ososayensi befuna ukuhlola ukuthi amanani ahlukene okukhanya kwelanga akuthinta kanjani ukukhula kwezitshalo, bangakwazi ukushintsha inani lokukhanya kwelanga izitshalo ezikutholayo.
- Okuguquguqukayo kwesihloko: Ngokungafani neziguquguqukayo zokuhlola, abacwaningi abakwazi ukulawula okuguquguqukayo kwezihloko. Naphezu kwalokhu, zisebalulekile ekuhlolweni njengoba zingasiza ekuphenduleni imibuzo yocwaningo. Isibonelo, uma abacwaningi befunda izikolo ezijwayelekile zokuhlolwa zabafundi bezikole eziphakeme abavela ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene, abakwazi ukulawula noma ukushintsha izifunda umfundi ngamunye aphuma kuzo. Kodwa-ke, basengasebenzisa umehluko wesifunda ukuhlanganisa abafundi ekuqaleni kwesifundo sabo.
Izibonelo Zezinhlobonhlobo Ezizimele
Ake sibheke ezinye izibonelo ukuze siqonde okuguquguqukayo okuzimele kangcono.
Okokuqala, cabanga ukuthi ososayensi banelukuluku lokuthi amanani ahlukene kamanyolo akuthinta kanjani ukukhula kwezitshalo. Ocwaningweni, banquma ukunikeza imithamo eyahlukene kamanyolo ezitshalweni ezahlukene. Inani likamanyolo elinikezwa isitshalo ngasinye liwuhlobo oluzimele. Lokhu kuguquguquka yinto ososayensi abangayishintsha ngamabomu. Bafuna ukubona ukuthi kungathinta kanjani ukukhula kwesitshalo ngasinye. Ukukhula kwezitshalo kuwumphumela, noma ukuguquguquka okuncikile ngoba kuncike enanini likamanyolo.
Manje, ake sicabangele isifundo mayelana nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwezibalo. Abacwaningi banentshisekelo yokuqhathanisa izikolo zabafundi abathathe i-algebra yeleveli ye-honours nalabo abathathe i-algebra evamile. Izinketho zabafundi zamakilasi yizinto eziguquguqukayo ezizimele kulolu cwaningo. Abacwaningi abakwazi ukulawula noma ukushintsha ukuthi yiliphi ikilasi elikhethwe umfundi ngamunye. Kodwa-ke, basengakwazi ukufunda ukuthi ukukhetha kwekilasi kubangela noma yimuphi umehluko kuzikolo ezijwayelekile zokuhlolwa zabafundi. Kulokhu, amaphuzu okuhlola amisiwe ahluka okuncikile ngoba ancike ekukhetheni kwekilasi labafundi.
Ngakho-ke, kuzo zombili izibonelo, ososayensi babheka ukuthi into eyodwa abangayilawula kanjani (ukuguquguquka okuzimele) kungaholela ekushintsheni kwenye into abayibonayo (ukuguquguquka okuncike). Lokhu kubasiza baqonde ubudlelwano namaphethini emhlabeni wesayensi.
Kuyini Okuguquguqukayo Okuncike?
Uguquko oluncikile luyinto eguqukayo uma wenza izinguquko kwenye into ebizwa ngokuthi i-independent variable ocwaningweni lwesayensi. Abanye abantu baphinde bakubize ngokuthi “ukuguquguquka komphumela” noma “okuguquguqukayo kwempendulo” ngoba kuncike ekutheni kwenzekani kokuguquguquka okuzimele.
Lapho ososayensi benza ucwaningo, balandela umthetho obizwa ngokuthi indlela yesayensi. Umthetho owodwa obalulekile uwukushintsha kuphela into eyodwa ngesikhathi esivivinyweni. Konke okunye kufanele kuhlale okufanayo. Lokhu kusiza ososayensi babone ukuthi uguquko entweni eyodwa, ukuguquguquka okuzimele, luzithinta kanjani ezinye izinto, njengokuguquguquka okuncikile.
Ososayensi abalawuli ngokuqondile noma bashintshe ukuhlukahluka okuncikile. Kunalokho, bashintsha okuguquguqukayo okuzimele futhi babone ukuthi kwenzekani kokuguquguquka okuncikile. Kufana nobudlelwano bembangela-nomphumela. Ososayensi balindele ukuguquguquka okuncikile ukuthi kwehle noma kwehle ngokusekelwe kulokho abakwenzayo ekuguquguqukeni okuzimele.
Ngakho-ke, ngamagama alula, ukuguquguquka okuncikile kuyinto eguqukayo ngenxa yalokho okwenzayo kwenye into ocwaningweni lwesayensi. Ososayensi bafuna ukubona ukuthi izinto zixhumene kanjani nokuthi into eyodwa ingayenza kanjani enye into ishintshe.
Izibonelo Zokuguquguquka Okuncike
Ake sihlole okuguquguqukayo okuncikile ngamagama alula sisebenzisa izibonelo ezimbili zangempela:
- Ucwaningo Lokukhula Kwezitshalo: Cabanga nje senza isilingo sokuzenzisa ukuze sibone ukuthi amanani ahlukene kamanyolo akuthinta kanjani ukukhula kwezitshalo. Okuguquguqukayo okuzimele, into esiyishintsha ngamabomu, inani likamanyolo elinikezwa isitshalo ngasinye. Manje, ukuhluka okuncikile yilokho esikukalayo nesikubonayo - kulokhu, ukukhula okurekhodiwe kwesitshalo ngasinye. Uma sigcina konke okunye okufanayo, njengenani lamanzi, ubukhulu besitsha, ukukhanya kwelanga, nesikhathi sokukhula, singasho ngokunengqondo ukuthi ukukhula kwesitshalo kuthinteka ngokuqondile ukuguquguquka okuzimele, okuwumanyolo.
- Ukuhlaziywa Kokuhlolwa Kwezibalo: Ake sithi sinentshisekelo yokuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zamakilasi e-algebra zinethonya kanjani kumaphuzu okuhlolwa amisiwe abafundi. Okuhlukile okuzimele lapha isizinda somsebenzi wezifundo wabafundi - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bathathe ikilasi le-algebra elivamile noma ikilasi le-honours algebra. Ukuguquguquka okuncikile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaphuzu abafundi abawatholayo ekuhlolweni okujwayelekile. Thina, njengabacwaningi, asikwazi ukulawula noma ukushintsha lawa maphuzu okuhlola; singazibheka futhi siziqhathanise ngemva kokukhetha amaqembu abafundi abanezizinda ezihlukene zezifundo.
Kuzo zombili izibonelo, ukuhluka okuncikile yilokho esikubukayo nesikukalayo, futhi kushintsha ngokusekelwe kokuhluka okuzimele esikukhohlisayo ngamabomu. Kusisiza siqonde ubudlelwano bembangela-nomphumela phakathi kwezinguquko esizenzayo kanye nemiphumela esiyibonayo.
Okuguquguqukayo Okuzimele Nokuncikile Izibonelo
Ocwaningweni lwesayensi, kunezinto ososayensi abazilawulayo kanye nezinto abazibonayo. Ake sihlukanise ngezibonelo ezithile.
Isibonelo sokuqala: Amabhu Nokukhanya
Cabanga ngososayensi efunda amabhu nokukhanya. Bafuna ukwazi ukuthi ukukhanya kokukhanya kuyayithinta yini indlela amabhu akhangwa ngayo. Usosayensi ulungisa ukukhanya kokukhanya (okuguquguqukayo okuzimele) futhi abheke ukuthi amabhu asabela kanjani (okuguquguqukayo okuncike).
Isibonelo sesi-2: Ukudla kwasekuseni kanye nezikolo zokuhlola
Manje, cabanga ngabafundi kanye nesidlo sasekuseni. Othile uyazibuza ukuthi ukudla kwasekuseni kuyawenza yini umehluko kumaphuzu okuhlolwa. Umhloli ulawula ukudla kwasekuseni (okuhlukile okuzimele) futhi abheke ukuthi izikolo zokuhlola zishintsha kanjani (okuhluka okuncike). Ngisho noma kungekho ukuxhumana phakathi kwesidlo sasekuseni nezikolo, imiphumela yokuhlolwa isancike ekudleni kwasekuseni.
Isibonelo sesi-3: Izidakamizwa Nomfutho Wegazi
Kokunye ukuhlola, usosayensi uhlola ukuthi umuthi othile ungcono yini ekulawuleni umfutho wegazi ophakeme kunomunye. Uhlobo lomuthi luwuhlobo oluzimele, futhi okuncikile umfutho wegazi wesiguli. Ukwenza isilingo sinembe kakhudlwana, i-variable variable (i-placebo engenazo izithako ezisebenzayo) iyengezwa. Lokhu kusiza ekutholeni ukuthi noma yimuphi umuthi uyawuthinta ngempela umfutho wegazi.
Izinguquko Ezizimele Nezincike Ocwaningweni
Ocwaningweni, sivamise ukusebenzisa okuguquguqukayo okuzimele nokuncikile, ikakhulukazi ocwaningweni lokuhlola nolwesivivinyo. Ake sibheke izibonelo zemibuzo yocwaningo kanye neziguquguqukayo ezizimele nezincikile ezihambisanayo.
- Ikuphi Ukukhanya Okungcono Kakhulu Ekukhuleni Kotamatisi?
- Ukuhluka okuzimele: Uhlobo lokukhanya isitshalo sikatamatisi sikhule ngaphansi
- I-Dependent variable: Izinga lokukhula kwesitshalo sikatamatisi
- Ukuzila Ukudla Kwesikhashana Kuwuthinta Kanjani Ushukela Wegazi?
- Ukuhluka okuzimele: Ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kokuzila ukudla okuphakathi
- Okuguquguqukayo okuncikile: Amazinga kashukela egazini
- Ingabe Insangu Yezokwelapha Inganciphisa Ubuhlungu Obungapheli?
- Ukuhluka okuzimele: Ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kokusetshenziswa kwensangu yezokwelapha
- Okuguquguqukayo okuncike: Imvamisa nokuqina kobuhlungu
- Ingabe Umsebenzi Wakude Unomthelela Ekwanelisekeni Komsebenzi?
- Ukuhluka okuzimele: Uhlobo lwendawo yokusebenza (ekude noma ehhovisi)
- Ukuhlukahluka okuncikile: Ukuzibika ngokwakho kokwaneliseka komsebenzi
Lapho usebenzisana nedatha yokuhlola, ukuhlaziya kuhilela ukukhiqiza izibalo ezichazayo nokubona okutholakele. Ukukhethwa kokuhlolwa kwezibalo kuncike ezinhlotsheni eziguquguqukayo, ileveli yokulinganisa, kanye nenani lamaleveli ahlukile azimele.
Ngokuvamile, Ukuhlolwa kwe-t or Ama-ANOVA zisetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya idatha kanye nokubhekana nemibuzo yocwaningo. Lezi zivivinyo zisiza ekufinyeleleni iziphetho nasekuqondeni ubudlelwano phakathi kokuhluka okuzimele nokuncikile.
Funda Ukuhlukanisa Okuguquguqukayo Okuzimele Nokuncikile
Ukuze uhlukanise phakathi kokuhluka okuzimele nokuncikile, landela lo mhlahlandlela olula:
- Kusetshenziswe noma Kubhekiwe: Okokuqala, cabanga ukuthi ingabe okuguquguqukayo kungashintshwa noma kukhethwe abacwaningi (kusetshenziswe) noma uma kubukwa futhi kukalwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa (kubukiwe). Izinguquko ezilawulwa abacwaningi zihlala zizimele. Okuguquguqukayo okubonwayo nokurekhodwayo kuncike. Ngisho noma abacwaningi bengakwazi ukulawula okuguquguqukayo kwezihloko, basaphathwa njengabazimele ngoba kuthonya okuguquguqukayo okuncikile.
- Ukuthwebula: Cabanga uhlela okuguquguqukayo kugrafu ngendiza yokuxhumanisa i-X-Y. Okuguquguqukayo okuzimele, lezo ongazishintsha, kuvame ukuhamba ku-X-eksisi (evundlile). Okuguquguqukayo okuncikile, imiphumela ethintwa izinguquko, hamba ku-Y-eksisi (iqondile).
- Uhlobo Lwesithathu - Okuguquguqukayo Okudidayo: Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nohlobo lwesithathu lokuguquguquka okungazimele noma okuncikile kodwa okusengaxova imiphumela - lokhu kubizwa ngokuguquguquka okudidayo. Banomthelela ocwaningweni ngezindlela abacwaningi abangazilindele, njengokuhluka okuzimele okungalindelwe. Ukuhlunga okuguquguqukayo akuhlali kuwukukhetha okucacile phakathi kokuzimela nokuncikile; okunye okuguquguqukayo, njengokuguquguquka okudidayo, akungeni kahle kulezo zigaba.
shiya impendulo