Kulesi sihloko, sixoxe ngeshashalazi yamaGreki, amaqiniso ayisikhombisa awusizo kubafundi, nokunye.
Kumelwe sivume ithonya elihle kanye nogqozi lwezinhlekelele zasendulo zamaGreki kanye negalelo labo kwezokuzijabulisa zanamuhla. Imvelaphi yenhlekelele yamaGreki kanye namahlaya ihlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesi-6 BCE.
Ngaphambi kokuthi singene emininingwaneni, ake sikhulume ngendawo yaseshashalazini yamaGreki kanye nemvelaphi yezinhlekelele zamaGreki namahlaya.
Iyini I-Greek Theatre?
Sonke siyawazi umlando wamaGreki asendulo kanye nezinganekwane zamaGreki. Lapha, sifuna ukuqonda ukuthi kumayelana nani nokunye okwengeziwe.
Umlando wemidlalo yaseshashalazini yamaGreki uhlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesi-6 BCE. Yaqala edolobheni lasendulo lase-Athens ngekhulu lesi-6. Kwaqala ngokudlalwa kwemidlalo yezinhlekelele emikhosini yenkolo e-Athene.
Ithiyetha yamaGreki nayo yaphefumulela uhlobo lwemidlalo yamahlaya yamaGreki. Njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka, inhlekelele yamaGreki kanye nomdlalo wamahlaya kwaduma kakhulu. Ayethandwa kakhulu kangangokuthi ayedlalwa ngaphesheya kweMedithera futhi athonya inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yamaGreki neyamaRoma.
Ngenxa yokuduma okuhlala njalo kwalawa madrama amabili esiGreki, umsebenzi wabalingisi abakhulu abafana no-Euripides no-Aristophanes waba yisisekelo semidlalo yaseshashalazini yesimanje. Njengamanje, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini nababhali bemidlalo yeshashalazi bakhuthazwa yimisebenzi yala madoda avelele.
Ama-Sophocles, ama-Euripides kanye no-Aristophanes kungenzeka ukuthi sebehambile, kodwa umsebenzi wabo usalokhu ukhuthaza abaningi.
Umsuka Wenhlekelele
Izazi bezilokhu ziphikisana ngomsuka wenhlekelele, futhi kuye kwaba nokuqagela okuningi. Ezinye izazi ziye zahlobanisa umsuka wenhlekelele nendlela yobuciko yangaphambili, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi yonke into ihlala ingacacile.
Kwezinye izimo, ezinye izazi zicabanga ukuthi kunokuhlobana okuqinile phakathi kwenhlekelele nemikhuba eyenziwa ekukhulekeleni kukaDionysus. Lezi zazi zisikisela ukuba kwenziwe umhlatshelo wezimbuzi kunkulunkulu wamaGreki uDionysus, okuwumkhuba wengoma owaziwa ngokuthi i-tra-odia nokugqokwa kwezifihla-buso.
Ngenxa yalokhu, uDionysus waba unkulunkulu waseshashalazini. Kukhona futhi okunye ukuxhumana noDionysus, okuyimikhuba yokuphuza eyaholela abakhulekeli ukuba bangakwazi ukulawula imizwelo yabo. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwemikhuba yokuphuza kanye nomkhulekeli olahlekelwa imizwa yakhe konke kuhlobene nokudlala kanye nabalingisi.
Uma othile edlala umlingiswa esiteji, uvame ukulingisa umuzwa, into ehlukile kumuntu wakhe ojwayelekile.
Indawo yaseshashalazini yamaGreki ihlehlela emuva ezinsukwini zakudala, nezinhlekelele ezinkulu ezifana no-Euripides, no-Aristophanes.
Funda futhi: 35 Imidlalo Yesikole Samabanga Aphakeme: Uhlu Lokugcina
Umsuka Wamahlaya WamaGreki
Imvelaphi yemidlalo yamahlaya yamaGreki ihlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesi-6. Izazi eziningi ziye zazama ukuthola umsuka wemidlalo yamahlaya yamaGreki, njengoba kwakukholelwa ukuthi ilahlekile emlandweni.
Nokho, izazi zikholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi wamadoda elingisa abalingisi esiteji futhi elingisa abanye waqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba kubhalwe phansi.
Ngokomlando, inkomba yokuqala yomdlalo wamahlaya wamaGreki ngesiGreki sasendulo ivela ezitsheni zobumba. Ngaleso sikhathi ngekhulu lesi-6 BCE, eminye imihlobiso yayivame ukumelela abadlali abagqoke njengabadansi, amahhashi, nama-satyr.
Izinkondlo zika-Archilochus kanye ne-Hipponax nazo zingomunye umthombo wokuqala wamahlaya wamaGreki ngekhulu lesi-6 nelesi-7 BCE. Ngokusho komthombo, izinkondlo zika-Archilochus kanye ne-Hipponax ziqukethe amahlaya ocansi angcolile futhi aluhlaza.
Manje, ake sikhulume ngeshashalazi yamaGreki kanye namaqiniso ayisikhombisa awusizo kubafundi.
# 1. Umlando
Njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zamaGreki zaqala ngekhulu lesi-6 BCE, futhi ziyisisekelo semidlalo yaseshashalazini yasentshonalanga. Ngokwezazi, umdlalo weshashalazi wokuqala wamaGreki waqala ngo-534 BC. Kwaqala emkhosini wokudlala wokudumisa unkulunkulu wamaGreki uDionysus, unkulunkulu wewayini nenzalo.
Inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yamaGreki yayidlalwa emkhosini kaDionysus amakhulu eminyaka, futhi yayibusa izifunda zaseMedithera.
E-Athene, umkhosi wokudlala wedolobha laseDionysia wawuba minyaka yonke ekupheleni kukaMashi futhi uqhubeke izinsuku ezimbalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, imidlalo yethulwa izethameli eziningi, futhi kwakuwumkhosi womphakathi nowenkolo.
Idolobha laseDionysia play festival lithathwa njengomcimbi wezohwebo hhayi umphakathi. Imantshi enkulu yomphakathi yase-Athene inesibopho sokuhlela umkhosi wokudlala wedolobha laseDionysia. Emkhosini wokudlala weDolobha laseDionysia, imiklomelo iklonyeliswe kubabhali bemidlalo abambalwa abawinile kumahlaya nenhlekelele.
#2. Dlala nababhali bemidlalo
Ngekhulu lesi-6 BC, kwakukhona ababhali bemidlalo abambalwa ethiyetha yasendulo yamaGreki, kodwa ababhali abathathu kuphela benhlekelele kanye nababhali ababili bamahlaya ababebusa emkhosini wokudlala. Sibalule abanye balaba babhali abakhulu kulo mhlahlandlela. I-Euripides, i-Sophocles kanye ne-Aristophanes ngamanye amagama ajwayelekile ohlwini.
Enhlekeleleni yasendulo yamaGreki, yayibuswa u-Aeschylus no-Euripides. Ngenkathi u-Aristophanes noMenander bebusa amahlaya amaGreki. Masingakhohlwa umphathi wefilosofi ngokwakhe, u-Aristotle.
Aeschylus
Sekukonke, u-Aeschylus wabhala mayelana nemidlalo edabukisayo engama-70 kuye kwengama-90 ngesikhathi sakhe. Namuhla, imidlalo eyi-7 kuphela edabukisayo eyabhalwa u-Aeschylus etholakalayo.
U-Aeschylus uvame ukubhekwa njengoyise wenhlekelele futhi umsebenzi wakhe unconywa kakhulu ngabaningi. Enye yezinto ezintsha ezinhle kakhulu ze-Aeschylus kwaba ukwethulwa komlingisi wesibili ukuze avumele ukungqubuzana ubuso nobuso. I-Agamemnon kanye ne-Prometheus Bound nayo yayingomunye wemisebenzi edumile ka-Aeschylus.
Ama-Sophocles
USophocles ubhale imidlalo edabukisayo engaphezu kuka-120 futhi wabamba iqhaza elikhulu emdlalweni weshashalazi wamaGreki. Wethula umlingisi wesithathu, edala indawo enzima kakhulu esiteji.
Omunye wemisebenzi yakhe edume kakhulu kwakungu-Oedipus, iNkosi eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Oedipus Rex kanye neNkosi u-Oedipus. Umsebenzi wakhe uhlanganisa i-Antigone ne-Electra. Izazi-mlando zetiyetha zibheka i-Oedipus the King njengenhlekelele ephelele.
Euripides
Isazi sasendulo samaGreki u-Euripides sabhala ngezinhlekelele ezingu-95, futhi zingu-18 noma ezingu-19 kuphela ezitholakalayo namuhla. U-Euripides wehlisa indima yekhorasi emidlalweni yakhe, futhi waba nomsebenzi omuhle kakhulu.
Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ihlanganisa i-Bacchae, iMedea kanye neTrojan Woman, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Woman of Troy.
Aristophanes
U-Aristophanes wayengomunye wababhali bemidlalo yamahlaya abakhulu kakhulu e-Athene yasendulo. Ubhale amahlaya angaba ngu-40, kanti angu-11 awo ayatholakala namuhla.
Imisebenzi edumile ka-Aristophanes ihlanganisa iFrog, Lysistrata, Cloud, Inyoni, kanye Neminyovu.
Menander
UMenander wabhala imidlalo yamahlaya engaphezu kwe-100 ngekhulu lesi-4 BC. Kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe, Dyskolos kuphela osaphila kuze kube yilolu suku.
Aristotle
Sisaxoxa ngemidlalo yaseshashalazini yamaGreki namaqiniso ayisikhombisa awusizo kubafundi. Kodwa, sizokhuluma ngesazi sefilosofi esingumGreki esikhulu, u-Aristotle.
U-Aristotle wayeyisazi sefilosofi sasendulo esingumGreki futhi engomunye wezihlakaniphi ezinkulu kakhulu ezake zaba khona emhlabeni. Isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki sibhekwa njengoyise wefilosofi yaseNtshonalanga, futhi izazi eziningi zizovumelana nalokho.
Isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki esikhulu sake saphakamisa indlela yokubhalwa kwemidlalo evusa amadlingozi. Ngokusho komthombo, i-Three Unites ka-Aristotle iphakamise isenzo somdlalo owenzeka endaweni ngosuku olulodwa.
Lo mbono owaphakanyiswa isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki esikhulu wawaziwa ngokuthi izinhlangano ezintathu zesikhathi, indawo, nesenzo.
#3.Theatre Architecture
Ngokuvamile, indawo yokudlala yaseshashalazini yasendulo yamaGreki ithathwa njenge-orchestra. Lesi sikhala sokwenziwa sihlanganisa indawo engamamitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-30 ububanzi.
I-orchestra yigama lesiGreki elilula elisho indawo yokudansa. Itholakala ku-"orkheisthai" okusho ukudansa kanye ne-"tra" ehumusha indawo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama elithi "scene" libuye libe yigama lesiGreki elisuselwe ku "skene". Abalingisi abadlalayo bashintsha imvunulo yabo kanye nemaski e-orchestra.
Indawo iphinde isetshenziselwe ukwenza imidlalo eminingi. Isibonelo, i-skene isebenza endaweni yemishini eyehlisa futhi iphakamise izidumbu nonkulunkulu. Akukacaci ukuthi i-skene ibisetshenziswa njengendawo noma cha.
Imidlalo eminingi ngesiGreki sasendulo yayibekwe phambi kwesigodlo, ithempeli noma izakhiwo lapho isakhiwo se-skene sasingase sanele.
Funda futhi: Uhlu Lwetiyetha Zomphakathi eMinneapolis
#4. Ababukeli
E-Athene yasendulo, izindawo zokusebenza zangaphandle zemidlalo yamaGreki zazibizwa ngokuthi ama-amphitheatre. Emuva ekhulwini lesi-6 BC, amaGreki asendulo ayebiza ama-amphitheatre ngokuthi “ama-theatron” noma “izindawo zokubona”.
NgesiGreki sasendulo, imidlalo yayiqhutshelwa ezansi kwamagquma, inezibukeli ezingaba ngu-15,000 20,000 kuya kwezi-XNUMX XNUMX. Ngaleso sikhathi, izibukeli zazihlala phezu kokhuni, futhi ngesinye isikhathi, zazihlala phezu kwamatshe. Izihlalo bezihlelwe zaba yi-semi-circle ukuze izethameli.
Ukudlala egqumeni kukhulisa izwi lomlingisi ngokwemvelo futhi kwenza izibukeli zizwe abadlali emidlalweni yeshashalazi.
# 5. Ukulingisa
Phakathi nekhulu lesi-6 BC, bonke abalingisi ababedlala ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zamaGreki kwakungamadoda. Kwakukhona nabalingisi besifazane emidlalweni ngaleso sikhathi. NgesiGreki sasendulo, abadlali babekwazi ukudlala izindima ezimbalwa nje ngosuku.
Ngaleso sikhathi, abalingisi babebonakala bebancane ezibukelini ngenxa yokuthi babedlala egqumeni. Lokhu kuvame ukubonakala kuma-opera anamuhla asentshonalanga.
Ngaleso sikhathi ngekhulu lesi-6 BC, imisebenzi yokuqala yayimayelana nomlingisi kanye nekhorasi yabesifazane, nayo edlalwa amadoda. Izingxenye eziningana bezitholakala kule midlalo futhi zonke zenziwe ngumlingisi.
Umlingisi wokuqala kule midlalo ngumlingisi owaziwa ngelikaThespis. Ngenxa yalokhu, abadlali namuhla bayinto ebizwa ngokuthi ama-thespians.
Ngokuvamile, ingoma yezinhlekelele zamaGreki asendulo yakhiwa okungenani abantu abangu-15. Ikhorasi yenziwa kanyekanye, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ihlukaniswa ibe amakhorasi amabili.
Umholi wekhorasi, okuyi-"choragos" ekhuluma imigqa ngayinye. Ngemva kwesandulela ekuqaleni komdlalo, i-chorus ingena ngokushesha ku-orchestra. Isandulela sihlala esiteji kuze kube umdlalo uyaphela.
#6. Umculo Nomdanso
Ngekhulu lesi-6 BC, umculo wawubaluleke kakhulu ethiyetha yasendulo yamaGreki. Umculo wawusetshenziswa ezinkulumweni ezithile emidlalweni yeshashalazi naphakathi namazwi ekhorasi.
NgesiGreki sasendulo, kwakunzima ukuhlukanisa umculo namagama akhulunywayo. Basebenzisa umculo ngemiphumela ekhethekile nezinye izinjongo.
Basebenzise izinsimbi zomculo ukudala imiphumela ekhethekile phakathi namadrama. Ezinye zezinsimbi zomculo ezisetshenziswayo zihlanganisa imitshingo namacilongo.
Ngaleso sikhathi, imidanso emidlalweni yesiGreki sasendulo yayiveza abalingiswa abathile, kanye nezinye izimo.
#7. Imvunulo kanye Nemaski
Etiyetha yasendulo yamaGreki, abalingisi benhlekelele babegqoka imaski. Lezi zimaski zenziwe ngelineni, izinkuni noma ukhokho. Abalingisi badlala ngendlela egculisa izibukeli ezigqoke lezi zifihla-buso.
Eminyakeni edlule, kube noshintsho olukhulu ezimpahleni zomlingisi. Nakuba abadlali besiGreki sasendulo babegqoka ingubo ehlotshiswe kakhulu efinyelela eqakaleni, imvunulo yokulingisa ihlukile namuhla.
NgesiGreki sasendulo, izicathulo ezazitholakala ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyisicathulo esithambile noma ibhuthi yabadlali. Esimeni setiyetha sanamuhla, kuningi okutholakalayo kubadlali.
Funda futhi: Ugqozi Lweviki: Zuza Noma yini
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Kwithiyetha YesiGreki- Amaqiniso angu-7 Awusizo Kubafundi
Okulandelayo imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nezinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zamaGreki.
Iyini I-Greek Theatre?
Ithiyetha yamaGreki ithathwa njengohlobo lokudlalwa. Kulapho abalingisi abambalwa kanye nekhorasi benza khona inhlekelele noma amahlaya ngokusekelwe emisebenzini yababhali bemidlalo basendulo abangamaGreki. Abanye ababhali bemidlalo basendulo abangamaGreki bahlanganisa u-Euripides, uSophocles no-Aristophanes.
Ubani Odale Ithiyetha YamaGreki?
Imvelaphi yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yamaGreki ihlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesi-6 BC. Yavela emkhosini wenkolo lapho abakhulekeli babegqoka izifihla-buso futhi beculela uDionysus.
Ngokwezazi, uThespis ube ngumlingisi wokuqala ukukhuluma nezilaleli waphinde washintsha imvunulo esiteji.
Yiziphi izinhlobo ezimbili zeMidlalo yamaGreki?
Etiyetha yasendulo yamaGreki, inhlekelele namahlaya kwakuyimidlalo emibili yokuqala. Emidlalweni yezinhlekelele, abalingisi abathathu kanye nekhorasi labantu abangu-15 benza izindaba ezivela kuzinganekwane zamaGreki.
Ingabe inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yamaGreki iye yaba nomthelela kwezokuzijabulisa zanamuhla?
Yebo, kuye kwaba nethonya elimangalisayo ezokuzijabulisa zanamuhla ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Izincwadi zezinhlekelele zamaGreki asendulo ziye zaba nethonya elihle kwezokuzijabulisa namuhla.
Isiphetho
Ishashalazi yasendulo yamaGreki ibe nomthelela omuhle kwezokuzijabulisa zanamuhla. Imisebenzi yamadoda amakhulu afana no-Euripides, Sophocles, Aeschylus, Menander, no-Aristophanes ikhuthaza abantu abaningi namuhla.
Umsuka wenhlekelele yamaGreki uhlobene nemikhuba eyenziwa ekukhulekeleni unkulunkulu wamaGreki uDionysus. Amahlaya amaGreki asendulo ahlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesi-6 lapho abadlali babegqoka njengamahhashi, abadansi kanye nama-satyr ngemvunulo.
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