Kweli nqaku, sixoxe ngethiyetha yesiGrike, izibakala ezisixhenxe eziluncedo kubafundi, nokunye.
Kufuneka siyamkele impembelelo entle kunye nempembelelo yeentlekele zamandulo zamaGrike kunye negalelo labo kulonwabo lwanamhlanje. Imvelaphi yentlekele yamaGrike kunye nomdlalo ohlekisayo ubuyela kwinkulungwane ye-6 BCE.
Ngaphambi kokuba singene kwiinkcukacha, makhe sithethe ngemidlalo yeqonga yamaGrike kunye nemvelaphi yentlekele yamaGrike kunye nomdlalo ohlekisayo.
Yintoni iGreek Theatre?
Sonke siyayazi imbali yeGrisi yamandulo kunye neentsomi zamaGrike. Apha, sifuna ukuqonda ukuba yintoni na kwaye ngaphezulu.
Imbali yethiyetha yamaGrike ibuyela emva kwinkulungwane yesi-6 BCE. Yaqala kwisixeko samandulo saseAthene ngenkulungwane ye-6. Yaqala ngokudlalwa kwemidlalo yentlekele kwimibhiyozo yonqulo eAthene.
Ithiyetha yamaGrike yaphefumlela uhlobo lwemidlalo ehlekisayo yamaGrike ngokunjalo. Njengoko ixesha liqhubeka, intlekele yamaGrike kunye nomdlalo ohlekisayo waziwa kakhulu. Kangangendlela ezazidume ngayo kangangokuba zazisenziwa kulo lonke iMeditera zaza zaphembelela iholo yemidlalo yeqonga yamaGrike neyamaRoma.
Ngenxa yokuduma okungapheliyo kwale midlalo mibini yamaGrike, umsebenzi wabadlali beqonga abafana noEuripides noAristophanes waba sisiseko semidlalo yeqonga yanamhlanje. Ngoku, iithiyetha zale mihla kunye nababhali bemidlalo yeqonga bakhuthazwa yimisebenzi yala madoda abalaseleyo.
I-Sophocles, i-Euripides kunye ne-Aristophanes inokuhamba ixesha elide, kodwa umsebenzi wabo uhlala ukhuthaza abaninzi.
Imvelaphi Yentlekele
Abaphengululi bebexoxa ngemvelaphi yentlekele, yaye bekukho iingcamango ezininzi. Abanye abaphengululi baye banxulumanisa imvelaphi yentlekele kwindlela yobugcisa yangaphambili, kodwa inyaniso yonke into ihlala ingaqinisekanga.
Kwezinye iimeko, abanye abaphengululi bacinga ukuba kukho unxibelelwano olunamandla phakathi kwentlekele kunye nezithethe ezenziwa kunqulo lukaDionysus. Aba baphengululi bacebisa ukubingelelwa kweebhokhwe kuthixo wamaGrike uDionysus, isiko lengoma eyaziwa ngokuba yitra-odia kunye nokunxitywa kweemaski.
Ngenxa yoko, uDionysus waba nguthixo wethiyetha. Kukwakho nolunye unxibelelwano noDionysus, olusisithethe sokusela esakhokelela abanquli ukuba bangakwazi ukulawula iimvakalelo zabo. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwezithethe zokusela kunye nomnquli abaphulukana neemvakalelo zabo zonke zinxulumene nesenzo kunye nabadlali.
Xa umntu edlala umlinganiswa eqongeni, badla ngokuxelisa imvakalelo, into eyahlukileyo kubuntu bakhe besiqhelo.
Ithiyetha yaseGrike ibuyele kwimihla yakudala, kunye neentlekele ezinkulu ezifana ne-Euripides, kunye ne-Aristophanes.
Funda kwakhona: Imidlalo engama-35 yeSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo: Uluhlu olugqibeleleyo
Imvelaphi yamaGrike ahlekisayo
Imvelaphi yemidlalo ye-comedy yamaGrike iqala ngekhulu le-6. Abaphengululi abaninzi baye bazama ukufumana imvelaphi yemidlalo ehlekisayo yamaGrike, njengoko kwakukholelwa ukuba ilahlekile kwimbali.
Noko ke, abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba izinto ezenziwa ngamadoda eqongeni aze alinganise abanye abantu baqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba kubhalwe iingxelo.
Ngokwembali, isalathiso sokuqala somdlalo we-comedy yamaGrike kwisiGrike samandulo sivela kubumba. Emva phaya ngenkulungwane yesi-6 ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo, eminye imihombiso yayidla ngokufanekisela abadlali abanxibe njengabadanisi, amahashe, nabaxhaphazi.
Imibongo ka-Archilochus kunye ne-Hipponax ikwangomnye umthombo wokuqala we-comedy yamaGrike kwi-6th kunye ne-7th inkulungwane BCE. Ngokutsho kwemithombo yomthombo, imibongo ye-Archilochus kunye ne-Hipponax iqulethe uburharha obucacileyo kunye noburharha bezesondo.
Ngoku, makhe sithethe ngethiyetha yamaGrike kunye namanqaku asixhenxe aluncedo kubafundi.
# 1. Imbali
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, iithiyetha zaseGrisi zibuyela kwinkulungwane yesi-6 ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo, kwaye sisiseko semidlalo yeqonga yasentshona. Ngokutsho kwabaphengululi, umdlalo wokuqala wethiyetha wamaGrike waqala ngo-534 BC. Yaqala kumsitho womdlalo wokuzukisa uthixo wamaGrike uDionysus, onguthixo wewayini nenzala.
Iholo yemidlalo yeqonga yamaGrike yayisenziwa kumbhiyozo weDionysus kangangamakhulu eminyaka, yaye yayilawula imimandla yeMeditera.
E-Athene, umthendeleko wokudlala wesixeko saseDionysia wawubanjwa minyaka le ekupheleni kukaMatshi kwaye waqhubeka iintsuku ezininzi. Ngeli xesha, imidlalo yayiboniswa kubaphulaphuli abaninzi, yaye yayingumsitho wasekuhlaleni nowonqulo.
Isixeko saseDionysia sokudlala umthendeleko sithathwa njengesiganeko sorhwebo kwaye kungekhona uluntu. Umantyi oyintloko waseAthene unoxanduva lokuququzelela umnyhadala wokudlala wesixeko saseDionysia. Kumnyhadala wokudlala weSixeko saseDionysia, amabhaso anikezelwa kubabhali abaninzi abaphumeleleyo kumdlalo ohlekisayo kunye nentlekele.
#2. Dlala kunye nababhali
Ngenkulungwane ye-6 BC, kwakukho ababhali bemidlalo abaninzi kwithiyetha yamandulo yamaGrike, kodwa ngababhali abathathu kuphela bentlekele kunye nababhali ababini bomdlalo ohlekisayo ababelawula umnyhadala wokudlala. Sikhankanye abanye baba babhali babalaseleyo kwesi sikhokelo. I-Euripides, i-Sophocles kunye ne-Aristophanes ngamanye amagama aqhelekileyo kuluhlu.
Kwintlekele yamandulo yamaGrike, yayilawulwa nguAeschylus noEuripides. Ngelixa uAristophanes kunye noMenander balawula umdlalo ohlekisayo wamaGrike. Masingalibali inkosi yefilosofi ngokwakhe, uAristotle.
I-Aeschylus
Lilonke, u-Aeschylus wabhala malunga ne-70 ukuya kwi-90 yemidlalo ebuhlungu ngexesha lakhe. Namhlanje, kuphela i-7 yemidlalo ebuhlungu ebhalwe ngu-Aeschylus ekhoyo.
U-Aeschylus uhlala ethathwa njengoyise wentlekele kwaye umsebenzi wakhe uthandwa kakhulu ngabaninzi. Olona tshintsho lukhulu luka-Aeschylus kukuqaliswa komdlali wesibini ukwenza impixano yobuso ngobuso. I-Agamemnon kunye ne-Prometheus Bound yayiyenye yemisebenzi eyaziwayo ka-Aeschylus.
Sophocles
USophocles wabhala ngaphezu kwe-120 yemidlalo ebuhlungu kwaye ukwanegalelo elikhulu kwithiyetha yamaGrike. Wazisa umdlali wesithathu, edala umdlalo onzima ngakumbi eqongeni.
Omnye weyona misebenzi yakhe idumileyo yayinguOedipus, uKumkani owaziwa ngokuba yiOedipus Rex kunye noKumkani uOedipus. Umsebenzi wakhe uquka i-Antigone kunye ne-Electra. Ababhali-mbali bethiyetha bajonga i-Oedipus uKumkani njengentlekele egqibeleleyo.
I-Euripides
Ixhwele lamandulo lamaGrike uEuripides wabhala ngeentlekele ezingama-95, yaye zi-18 okanye ezili-19 kuphela ezikhoyo namhlanje. U-Euripides wanciphisa indima yekhorasi kwimidlalo yakhe, kwaye wayenomsebenzi omkhulu.
Eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ibandakanya iBacchae, iMedea kunye neTrojan Woman, eyaziwa ngokuba nguMfazi waseTroy.
IAristophane
UAristophanes wayengomnye wababhali bemidlalo ehlekisayo eAthene yamandulo. Wabhala malunga nama-comedies angama-40, kwaye i-11 kuwo akhoyo namhlanje.
Imisebenzi edumileyo ka-Aristophanes ibandakanya iFrog, iLysistrata, iLifu, intaka, kunye noonomeva.
Menander
UMenander wabhala ngaphezu kwe-100 lemidlalo ehlekisayo kwinkulungwane yesi-4 ye-BC. Kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe, kuphela Dyskolos usinda unanamhla.
Aristotle
Sisaxoxa ngethiyetha yamaGrike kunye nezibakala ezisixhenxe eziluncedo kubafundi. Kodwa, siza kuthetha ngesithandi sobulumko samaGrike uAristotle.
UAristotle wayesisithandi sobulumko esingumGrike wamandulo kwaye yenye yezona ngcinga zibalaseleyo kwezakha zabonwa lihlabathi. Isithandi sobulumko esingumGrike sigqalwa njengoyise wentanda-bulumko yaseNtshona, yaye abaphengululi abaninzi baya kuvumelana noko.
Isithandi sobulumko esingumGrike sakha sacebisa indlela yokubhalwa kwemidlalo yeqonga. Ngokutsho kwemithombo yomthombo, i-Aristotle's Three Unites iphakamise isenzo somdlalo owenzeka kwindawo ngosuku olunye.
Le ngcamango yayicetywa sisithandi sobulumko esingumGrike yaziwa ngokuba ziimanyano ezithathu zexesha, indawo nesenzo.
#3.Theatre Architecture
Ngokubanzi, indawo yemidlalo yeqonga yamandulo yamaGrike ithathwa njengeokhestra. Esi sithuba sokwenziwayo sithatha indawo yeemitha ezingama-20 ukuya kuma-30 ububanzi.
Iokhestra ligama elilula lesiGrike elithetha indawo yokudanisa. Ivela kwi "orkheisthai" ethetha ukudansa kunye ne "tra" eguqulela indawo.
Ukongeza, "indawo" ikwaligama lesiGrike elivela kwi "skene". Abadlali beqonga batshintsha iimpahla zabo kunye nemaski kwiokhestra.
Lo mboniso ukwasetyenziselwa imiboniso emininzi. Ngokomzekelo, i-skene isebenza kwindawo yokumisa oomatshini abanciphisa kwaye baphakamise izidumbu noothixo. Akukacaci ukuba i-skene ibisetyenziswa njengendawo entle okanye hayi.
Uninzi lwemidlalo yesiGrike yamandulo yayibekwe phambi kwebhotwe, itempile okanye izakhiwo apho i-skene structure inokwanela.
Funda kwakhona: Uluhlu lweethiyetha zoLuntu eMinneapolis
#4. Ababukeli
Kwi-Athene yamandulo, iindawo zokusebenza zangaphandle zemidlalo yamaGrike zazibizwa ngokuba zii-amphitheatre. Emuva kwinkulungwane ye-6 BC, amaGrike amandulo abiza i-amphitheatre "i-theatron" okanye "iindawo zokubona".
KwisiGrike samandulo, imiboniso yayiqhutyelwa emazantsi eenduli, kukho ababukeli abamalunga ne-15,000 20,000 ukuya kuma-XNUMX XNUMX. Ngelo xesha, ababukeli babehleli phezu kweenkuni, yaye ngaxa lithile, bahlala phezu kwamatye. Indawo yokuhlala yayilungelelaniswe ngokwesangqa esisangqa kubabukeli.
Ukudlala endulini kuyalikhulisa ilizwi lomdlali weqonga ngokwemvelo kwaye kwenza ababukeli bakwazi ukuva abadlali kwimidlalo yeqonga.
# 5. Ebambeleyo
Ngexesha le-6th yenkulungwane ye-BC, bonke abadlali bemidlalo yeqonga yamaGrike babengamadoda. Kwakukho nabalinganiswa ababhinqileyo kwimidlalo yeqonga ngelo xesha. KwisiGrike samandulo, abadlali babekwazi ukudlala iindima eziliqela ngosuku nje olunye.
Ebudeni belo xesha, abadlali beqonga babebonakala bebancinane kubabukeli kuba babedlala endulini. Oku kubonakala ngokuqhelekileyo kwiiopera zasentshona zanamhlanje.
Emva phaya ngenkulungwane ye-6 BC, imisebenzi yokuqala yayimalunga nomdlali weqonga kunye nengoma yabasetyhini, ekwadlalwa ngamadoda. Amacandelo amaninzi ayefumaneka kule midlalo kwaye zonke zenziwe ngumdlali weqonga.
Umdlali wokuqala kule midlalo ngumdlali owaziwa ngokuba nguThespis. Ngenxa yoko, abadlali namhlanje bayinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-thespians.
Ngokubanzi, ikwayara kwiintlekele zamandulo zamaGrike zenziwe ngabantu abali-15 ubuncinane. I-chorus yenziwa ngaxeshanye, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ihlukaniswe kwiikhorasi ezimbini.
Inkokeli yekwayara, eyi "choragos" yathetha imigca yomntu. Emva kweprologue ekuqaleni komdlalo, i-chorus ingena ngokukhawuleza kwi-orchestra. Intshayelelo ihlala iseqongeni de umdlalo ugqitywe.
#6. Umculo kunye nomdaniso
Ngenkulungwane ye-6 BC, umculo wawubaluleke kakhulu kwithiyetha yamandulo yamaGrike. Umculo wawusetyenziswa kwiintetho ezithile kwimidlalo nakwixesha lamagama ekwayala.
KwisiGrike samandulo, kwakunzima ukwahlula umculo kumazwi athethwayo. Basebenzisa umculo kwiimpembelelo ezikhethekileyo kunye nezinye iinjongo.
Basebenzisa izixhobo zomculo ukwenza iziphumo ezikhethekileyo ngexesha ledrama. Ezinye zezixhobo zomculo ezisetyenziswayo ziquka iifleyiti namaxilongo.
Ngelo xesha, imidaniso kwimidlalo yesiGrike yamandulo yayibonisa abalinganiswa abathile, kwanezinye iimeko.
#7. Isinxibo kunye neMask
Kwiholo yeqonga yamandulo yamaGrike, abadlali kwiintlekele babenxiba isigqubuthelo sobuso. Ezi maski zenziwe ngelinen, umthi okanye i-cork. Abadlali badlala ngendlela eyanelisa ababukeli abanxibe ezi maski.
Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, kukho utshintsho olukhulu kwiingubo zomdlali. Nangona abadlali besiGrike samandulo babenxiba i-tunic ehonjiswe kakhulu efikelela eqatheni, ukwenza isinxibo sahlukile namhlanje.
KwisiGrike samandulo, izihlangu ezazifumaneka ngoko yayisisihlangu esithambileyo okanye isihlangu sabadlali. Kwisethingi yethiyetha yanamhlanje, kukho okuninzi okukhoyo kubadlali.
Funda kwakhona: Inkuthazo kwiVeki: Phumelela nantoni na
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo kwiThiyetha yamaGrike- Iinyani ezi-7 eziluncedo kubafundi
Le mibuzo ilandelayo isoloko ibuzwa malunga neethiyetha zamaGrike.
Yintoni iGreek Theatre?
Iholo yemidlalo yeqonga yamaGrike igqalwa njengendlela yokwenza. Kulapho abadlali abaninzi kunye nekwayala benza intlekele okanye umdlalo ohlekisayo osekelwe kwimisebenzi yababhali bemidlalo yamandulo bamaGrike. Abanye bababhali bemidlalo bamandulo bamaGrike baquka uEuripides, uSophocles kunye noAristophanes.
Ngubani owadala iThiyetha yamaGrike?
Imvelaphi yemidlalo yeqonga yamaGrike iqala ngenkulungwane ye-6 BC. Yavela kumsitho wenkolo apho abanquli babenxiba iimaski kwaye baculele uDionysus.
Ngokutsho kwabaphengululi, uThespis waba ngumdlali wokuqala ukuthetha nabaphulaphuli waza watshintsha isinxibo seqonga.
Ziziphi iindidi ezimbini zeMidlalo yamaGrike?
Kwithiyetha yamandulo yamaGrike, intlekele kunye nomdlalo ohlekisayo yayiyimidlalo emibini yokuqala. Kwimidlalo yentlekele, abadlali abathathu kunye nekwayala yabantu abali-15 benza amabali asuka kwiintsomi zamaGrike.
Ngaba iholo yemidlalo yeqonga yamandulo yamaGrike iye yaba nempembelelo kulonwabo lwale mihla?
Ewe, iye yanempembelelo ephawulekayo kwindlela yokuzonwabisa yanamhlanje ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Iincwadi zeentlekele zamandulo zamaGrike ziye zaba nempembelelo entle ekuzonwabiseni namhlanje.
isiphelo
Iholo yemidlalo yeqonga yamandulo yamaGrike ibe nempembelelo entle kwezolonwabo zale mihla. Imisebenzi yamadoda amakhulu afana noEuripides, Sophocles, Aeschylus, Menander, noAristophanes ikhuthaza abantu abaninzi namhlanje.
Imvelaphi yentlekele yamaGrike inxulunyaniswa nezithethe ezazisenziwa kunqulo lothixo wamaGrike uDionysus. I-comedy yamandulo yamaGrike yaqala ngenkulungwane ye-6 xa abadlali babenxiba njengamahashe, abadanisi kunye neesatyrs kwiimpahla.
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