Tanthauzo losavuta la mawu oti “Kusankhana mitundu” molingana ndi Oxford English Dictionary, ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mikhalidwe yosiyana. Ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti mtundu ndi wapamwamba kuposa ena
Tsankho likhoza kukhala la mitundu yosiyanasiyana - likhoza kukhala laumwini, lokhazikika m'mabungwe, kapena ngakhale kukhazikitsidwa ndi anthu. Tsankho limaphatikizapo malingaliro, zochita, ndi machitidwe onse.
M’mbiri yakale, kusankhana mitundu kunatenga mbali yaikulu kutembenukira pamene azungu a ku Ulaya ndi Amereka anayamba lingaliro lamakono la “mtundu” kulungamitsa mchitidwe wa ukapolo. Ngakhale kuti tsankho ndi tsankho zakhalapo m’mbiri yonse, lingaliro limeneli la mtundu linathandiza kwambiri poyambitsa tsankho limene likuchitika masiku ano.
M’nkhani ino, tiona mmene tsankho linayambila, ndipo tifotokoza za amene anayambitsa tsankho. Kuphatikiza apo, tipereka zitsanzo zisanu za tsankho kuti timvetsetse bwino mawonekedwe ake. Komanso, tikambirana njira zothanirana ndi tsankho.
Chiyambi ndi Mbiri Yakale ya Tsankho
Tsankho linachokera ku lingaliro laposachedwa la "mtundu," gulu lomwe lidawonekera mkati mwa Transatlantic Slave Trade m'zaka za zana la 16. Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri zimenezi zisanachitike, anthu ankavomereza kuti pali kusiyana pakati pawo koma sankaika anthu malinga ndi fuko lawo.
Komabe, pamene chifuniro cha ntchito yaukapolo chinawonjezereka m’zaka za zana la 17, Azungu a ku Ulaya ndi Amereka anafuna kulungamitsidwa kwa ukapolo, zimene zinatsogolera ku chitukuko cha lingaliro la “mtundu.”
Pulofesa Andrew Curran, m’nkhani ya Time, akugogomezera mmene asayansi ndi anthanthi anthaŵiyo anafufuzira mafotokozedwe osakhala achipembedzo pofuna kulungamitsa kusiyana kumene kulingaliridwa pakati pa Afirika ndi azungu a ku Ulaya.
Oganiza ameneŵa sanali chabe osonkhezeredwa ndi chidwi cha sayansi; anali kufunafuna mwakhama zifukwa zovomerezera ukapolo.
Kupyolera mu zoyesera ndi zomwe tsopano zatsutsidwa ndi malingaliro a pseudoscientific, utsogoleri wa mafuko unatuluka, kuyika azungu pamwamba ndi anthu akuda pansi. Ena ankatsutsa kuti “mafuko” ena anaikidwiratu kukhala akapolo, akumati kunali mwa dongosolo lolingaliridwa kukhala lachibadwa.
Kupatula kulungamitsidwa kwa sayansi, mikangano yachipembedzo inalinso yolumikizana ndi lingaliro la “mtundu.” Zikhulupiriro zimenezi pamodzi zinathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa magulu a mafuko amene analimbikitsa tsankho ndi kusalingana.
Kumvetsetsa mbiri yakale ya tsankho kumawunikira zinthu zovuta komanso zolumikizana zomwe zapangitsa kumvetsetsa kwathu kwanthawi zamtundu.
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Kusintha kwa Tsankho Pakapita Nthawi
Tsankho lasintha pakapita nthawi. Kalelo mu 1859, sitima yomaliza yonyamula akapolo inafika ku United States. Ukapolo unatha patatha zaka zisanu pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku America.
Ngakhale kuti ukapolo unathetsedwa, tsankho silinathe. Ngakhale amene ankamenyana ndi ukapolo sankakhulupirira kuti anthu akuda ndi oyera amakhala ofanana; ankangoganiza kuti ukapolo unali wolakwika.
Kusankhana mitundu kunapitirizabe kuumba mmene anthu ankadzionera okha.
Lerolino, tsankho loonekeratu silikuloledwa m’malo ambiri, koma ndondomeko zakale ndi tsankho lobisika limapangitsabe kusiyana pakati pa mafuko. M’malo mozindikira kuti ukapolo ndi kupanda chilungamo kwa m’mbuyomu, anthu ena amaimba mlandu kusiyana kwachibadwa pakati pa mafuko chifukwa cha kusalingana. Koma sayansi imasonyeza kuti mtundu sudalira biology.
Ngakhale kuti mtundu ndi lingaliro lenileni la chikhalidwe ndi ndale, palibe umboni wa sayansi wosonyeza kuti anthu amagawidwa m'magulu osiyana ndi DNA yawo.
Kuzindikira Zitsanzo za Tsankho
Kusankhana mitundu kumaonekera m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zina zimakhala zoonekeratu, ndipo nthawi zina sizili choncho. Koma mumadziwa bwanji mukachiwona? Nazi zitsanzo zisanu zokuthandizani kumvetsetsa:
1. Kusankhana mitundu
Anthu ambiri amalimbikitsa “kusaona mtundu,” ponena kuti mtundu ulibe kanthu ndipo uyenera kunyalanyazidwa. Maganizo amenewa, omwe amadziwika kuti colourblind racism, amakhulupirira molakwika kuti chifukwa mtundu si weniweni mwachilengedwe, kukambirana kapena kuvomereza sikofunikira.
Komabe, ngakhale kuti mtundu sungakhale wozikidwa pa biology, mosakayikira ulipo ngati chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndipo kusankhana mitundu kumakhalabe nkhani yofala.
Anthu amene amadzinenera kuti ndi akhungu nthawi zambiri amayambitsa mikangano mosadziwa—zochita mosaganizira kapena mawu amene amanyoza anthu chifukwa cha fuko lawo. Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, anthu ena, ngakhale kuti amanena kuti alibe tsankho, amakhalabe ndi maganizo atsankho.
Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, kafukufuku wokhudza kusaona kwamtundu m’zachipatala anasonyeza kuti madokotala amene amatsatira mfundo imeneyi amakonda kuphatikizira mtundu pa zosankha zawo za kuwunika ndi kuchiritsa.
Kukana kuvomereza kukhalapo kwa tsankho kumaupititsa patsogolo mosadziŵa. Potengera kaimidwe kopanda tsankho, anthu mosadziwa angachirikize machitidwe ndi malingaliro atsankho.
Kuzindikira kuti mtundu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu sikutanthauza kuchotsa zotsatira zake; m'malo mwake, zimafuna kumvetsetsa kwapang'onopang'ono komwe kungathandize kuthetsa kukondera kwadongosolo ndikulimbikitsa kufanana kwenikweni.
2. Kunyozana Kwamitundu ndi Zosasintha
Makanidwe amtundu ndi zikhulupiriro zaufuko zikuwonetsa tsankho. Mawu achipongwe ndi mawu achipongwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyoza ndi kusankhana anthu kapena magulu potengera mtundu kapena fuko lawo. Mawu amenewa amatsutsidwa kwambiri ndipo, m’malo ena, amawaona ngati mawu achidani, zomwe zimatsogolera ku zotsatira zalamulo.
Makhalidwe amitundu ndi zikhulupiriro zofala za anthu malinga ndi mtundu wawo. Ngakhale kuti ena angakhale abwino, ambiri ndi oipa, opititsa patsogolo malingaliro ovulaza monga magulu ena okonda chiwawa kapena makhalidwe aupandu.
Maganizo oipa amapangitsa tsankho, kusalana, ndi kuvulaza maganizo. Ngakhale zomwe zimawoneka ngati zabwino ndizopanda ulemu chifukwa zimapatsa munthu chiyembekezo chosavuta.
Kunyozana kwaufuko ndi zikhulupiriro zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azikhala atsankho. Ndikofunikira kuvomereza ndikudzudzula machitidwe otere kuti alimbikitse kuphatikizidwa ndi kumvetsetsana pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana.
3. Kusankhana mitundu
Kusankhana mitundu ndi mtundu wofala wa tsankho kumene anthu amachitiridwa zinthu mopanda chilungamo chifukwa cha mtundu wawo. Zimachitika m’mbali zambiri za moyo, monga ntchito, nyumba, sukulu, makhothi, ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo. Nthawi zina, tsankho silidziwika. Malamulo kapena zochita sizingatchule mtundu, koma zitha kukhala zopanda chilungamo.
Mwachitsanzo, ku US, atsikana akuda nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi zilango zowawa kusukulu, ngakhale kuti sizovomerezeka chifukwa cha mtundu wawo. Nthawi ina, mtsikana wazaka 12 wa Black analowa m’mavuto chifukwa cholemba kuti “hi” pa loko. Anakumana ndi mavuto aakulu, pamene msungwana wachizungu amene anali kuchita nawo zinthu zinamuyendera mosavuta. Panalibe lamulo loti atsikana akuda ayenera kuchitiridwa nkhanza, koma zidachitikabe.
Tsankho likhoza kuchitika ngakhale popanda kutchula mtundu. Ndi zopanda chilungamo ndipo zimapweteka anthu. Ndikofunika kuzindikira ndikuletsa kusankhana mitundu kulikonse kumene kumachitika.
4. Mchitidwe Wosankhana Mitundu
Kugawanitsa anthu mwa mafuko, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti "kusankhana mitundu," kumatanthauza kulekanitsa anthu potengera mtundu wawo ndikuchepetsa mwayi wopeza chuma, mabungwe, mautumiki, ndi mwayi. Zitsanzo za izi ndi tsankho ku South Africa ndi Jim Crow malamulo ku America South. M’madongosolo amenewa, anthu akuda ankakakamizika kukhala m’madera osiyanasiyana, kupita kusukulu zosiyanasiyana, kugwiritsa ntchito malo opezeka anthu onse, ndi kukhala m’zigawo zina zoyendera za anthu onse.
Ngakhale kuyesa kulungamitsa kulekanitsidwa ndi chiphunzitso cha "osiyana koma ofanana," Anthu akuda aku America nthawi zonse amalandila chithandizo ndi mautumiki otsika. Kusalidwa kofananako kunachitika ku South Africa.
Mchitidwe wolekanitsa anthu ndi mafuko ndiko kukondera mafuko otchedwa “apamwamba” ndi kuletsa kusanganikirana kwa mafuko, ndi tsankho mopambanitsa. Ngakhale olimbikitsa akutsutsana kuti pakhale kusiyana pakati pa anthu, kupatukana kokakamizidwa kumakhalabe kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu.
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5. Kutsata Anthu Motengera Mtundu
Kupalamula munthu chifukwa cha fuko lake kumatchedwa kuti chidani. Ngati anthu ambiri amawaganizira komanso kuvulazidwa chifukwa cha mtundu wawo, ndiye kuti kupha anthu. Kupha anthu mwadala kumatanthauza kupha mwadala gulu lalikulu la anthu ochokera ku fuko kapena dziko linalake kuti awachotseretu.
Holocaust ndi chitsanzo choyipa cha izi. Mu Kupha Anthu, chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha Nazi chinalimbana ndi Ayuda ochokera m’mafuko osiyanasiyana, n’kuwaona kuti ndi a fuko losiyana. Chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha Nazi chinayamba kupangitsa kuti anthu achiyuda azioneka ngati osafunika komanso osakhala ngati anthu wamba chifukwa cha mtundu wawo.
Izi zinapangitsa kuti awalekanitse, kuwalekanitsa ndi anthu, ndipo pamapeto pake, kuwapha mwadongosolo. Holocaust ndi chitsanzo choopsa cha antisemitism, mtundu wakale wa tsankho lomwe linalipo tisanamvetsetse mtundu wathu.
Kodi Mungalimbane Bwanji ndi Tsankho?
Kusankhana mitundu kumachitika kulikonse ngakhale m'masewera aukadaulo. Zochita zachitidwa kuti athetse tsankho, koma kodi mabungwe akuchita mokwanira kuti athetse tsankho?
Tiyeni tione njira zina zimene zingathandize kulimbana ndi tsankho.
Muyenera Kumvetsa Tsankho
Kumvetsetsa tsankho ndilo gawo loyamba lokonzekera. Kusankhana mitundu sikumangotanthauza kukhala wankhanza kwa munthu chifukwa cha mtundu wake. Pali njira zambiri zomwe zimawonekera, ngakhale popanda anthu omwe amatanthauza kusankhana mitundu.
Ngati mukufuna kusiya kusankhana mitundu, phunzirani zambiri momwe mungathere. Werengani mabuku, kumvetsera nyimbo, kulemba ndakatulo, kuphunzira, ndi kulankhula ndi anthu amene amadziwa za tsankho. Iwo athera nthawi yochuluka kuphunzira ndipo akhoza kukuphunzitsani inu. Mukamvetsetsa bwino tsankho, mutha kuyamba kugwira ntchito kuti zinthu zikhale bwino.
Thandizani Ndondomeko Zachilungamo za Kufanana Kwamitundu
Kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa ndondomeko ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuthetsa kusankhana mitundu, malamulo ovuta, malamulo, ndi machitidwe omwe amalimbikitsa kusankhana mitundu m'madera onse a anthu. Kuti zinthu zisinthe, sikokwanira kuti anthu asinthe maganizo awo pankhani ya fuko; machitidwe okakamiza kusankhana mitundu ayenera kusinthidwa.
Kuti musinthe, mutha kuvomereza mfundo zomwe zikupita patsogolo povota, magulu omenyera kumbuyo, ndikuwunikanso malamulo anu pantchito, sukulu, kapena mabungwe ena omwe mukuchita nawo.
Ngati simukudziwa komwe mungayambire, yang'anani malingaliro omwe amaperekedwa ndi mabungwe achilungamo. Potenga nawo mbali pakuchita izi, mumathandizira kuti pakhale gulu lachilungamo komanso lolingana kwa aliyense.
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Kuthana ndi kusankhana mitundu kungakhale kovuta chifukwa cha kufalikira kwake, koma kuyang'ana pakusintha kwamunthu ndikofunikira poyambira. Yang'anirani zochita zanu, popeza anthu mosadziwa akhoza kukhala ndi tsankho, malingaliro, kapena tsankho lamkati.
Dziperekeni kusintha moyo wanu poyang'ana zikhulupiriro zanu ndi machitidwe anu, ndikutsutsana ndi kusankhana mitundu mukakumana. Maudindo amasiyana malinga ndi zomwe wakumana nazo; anthu ochokera m'magulu oponderezedwa amakumana ndi zovuta zosiyana ndi anzawo azungu.
Ndikofunikira kupewa kuyika mtolo wonse wothetsa tsankho pamapewa a anthu osankhana mitundu. M'malo mwake, kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana, kuika patsogolo thandizo la anthu ammudzi, ndi kulola nthawi yopumula ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti tipeze kupita patsogolo kosatha. Kulandira kukula kwaumwini kumathandiza kuti pakhale dziko lophatikizana komanso lomvetsetsa kwa aliyense.
Siyani Mumakonda