Assimilation imaphatikizapo kuphatikiza zinthu zatsopano mu dongosolo. Kaŵirikaŵiri amakambidwa m’nkhani ya “kutengera chikhalidwe,” pamene magulu osamukira kudziko lina akulimbikitsidwa kutsatira chikhalidwe, makhalidwe, ndi zikhalidwe za anthu a dziko limene akukhalamo. Zimenezi zikuphatikizapo kusiya kapena kubisa zinthu zina zokhudza chikhalidwe chanu, monga zakudya, zovala, chinenero, ndi miyambo yachipembedzo, zimene mwina sizizoloŵereka kwa dziko limene mwakhalako.
Ochirikiza kutengeka amatsutsa kuti kumalimbikitsa chikhalidwe chogwirizana, kumachepetsa mikangano yachikhalidwe, komanso kumapatsa osamukira kumayiko ena mwayi wowonjezereka wokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ndi zachuma. Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana mitundu yongoyerekeza ya ma assimilation ndikuwunika momwe ma assimilation amawonekera m'mawu othandiza. Funso lalikulu lomwe likuyankhidwa ndiloti ngati ochirikiza kutengeka ali olondola ponena za ubwino wake, kapena ngati kutengeka kumabweretsa tsankho komanso kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Kumvetsetsa Theory of Cultural Assimilation
Lingaliro la kutengera chikhalidwe lakhala liripo mpaka pomwe anthu adasamuka kuchoka kumalo amodzi kupita kwina. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 20, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu ku United States anayamba kufotokoza mfundo zokhuza kutengeka. Dr. Nicki Lisa Cole anafotokoza mfundo izi mu a Nkhani ya 2018 pa ThoughtCo.
Pali mitundu itatu yayikulu yofananira, ndipo iliyonse imapereka malingaliro osiyanasiyana momwe zikhalidwe zimasakanikirana ndikusintha.
The Melting Pot Model: Zakale ndi Zatsopano
Chitsanzo choyamba chimawona United States ngati poto yosungunuka, kumene kusakaniza ndi ndondomeko ya sitepe ndi sitepe. Malinga ndi lingaliro ili, mbadwo uliwonse umakhala wofanana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chachikulu. Ngakhale kuti ana a anthu osamukira m’dziko lina amatsatira miyambo ina ya makolo awo, ana awo, ndi mibadwo yawo, amakhala ndi mwayi wosiya mbali zina za chikhalidwe cha agogo awo. Cholinga chomaliza ndi chakuti aliyense m'deralo azigawana chikhalidwe chomwecho.
Komabe, chiphunzitsochi chatsutsidwa. Anthu ena amachitcha "Anglo-conformist." Zimagwiranso ntchito bwino pamene chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino ndi chomveka bwino komanso chosavuta.
Kuipa kwa Ufuko/Fuko: Zinthu Zofunika
Chiphunzitso china chimayang'ana kutengera kutengera mtundu, fuko, ndi chipembedzo. Zikusonyeza kuti kutengera zinthu si njira imodzi yokha. Kutengera ndi komwe munthu adachokera, amatha kukhala ndi chidziwitso chosavuta, kapena angakumane ndi zovuta chifukwa cha tsankho komanso kudana ndi anthu ochokera kumayiko ena, makamaka kwa omwe si Azungu.
Kungophunzira chinenerocho ndi kutsatira zikhalidwe zotsogola sikungakhale kokwanira pamene tsankho lili chopinga chachikulu. Chiphunzitsochi chimatsindika zotsatira zaumwini ndi chikhalidwe pamene magulu ena ali ndi ubwino pamene ena akukumana ndi zovuta.
Segmented Assimilation: Njira Zosiyanasiyana za Magulu Osiyana
Magawo ofananirako amatsutsa kuti magulu osiyanasiyana osamukira kumayiko ena amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Munthu akafika m'dziko latsopano, mwayi wawo wopita kumadera osiyanasiyana a anthu umakhudzidwa ndi zinthu monga chikhalidwe cha anthu. Anthu ena amatsatira njira yachikhalidwe yotengera, pang'onopang'ono kukhala gawo lalikulu.
Kumbali ina, ena angatengere mbali zosoŵa zachuma m’chitaganya, kutsekereza mwaŵi wawo. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amaphunziranso njira yachitatu, imene anthu amasungabe zikhalidwe zambiri za chikhalidwe chawo kwinaku akulowa bwino m’zachuma. Akatswiri omwe amayang'ana kwambiri pazitsanzo zogawanika nthawi zambiri amapenda zochitika za anthu othawa kwawo a m'badwo wachiwiri.
Komanso Werengani: Kodi Nationalism and Patriotism (Nationalism Vs Patriotism) ndi chiyani?
Kukhazikika m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku
Assimilation ndi lingaliro lovuta lomwe limawululidwa ndi zitsanzo, komanso zochitika zachilengedwe m'moyo weniweni. Zimachitika kawirikawiri pamene anthu amazolowera malo atsopano, ndipo ana awo mwachibadwa amazolowera zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, mbiri ya assimilation ili ndi zinthu zovuta.
Kutengera mokakamizidwa kwakhala kukakamizidwa kwa anthu amtundu wamtunduwu komanso osamukira m'malo osiyanasiyana, ndipo izi zikuwonetsa mbali yakuda ya izi. Kuphatikiza apo, kutengerako kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro amtundu ndi malingaliro a "wina". Zitsanzo ziwiri zikuwonetsa zoyipa za kufananizidwa:
1. Cholowa Chakuda cha Sukulu Zogona ku Canada
Pamene Azungu anakhazikika ku Canada, ankakhulupirira kuti chikhalidwe chawo n’chopambana. Pofuna “kupulumutsa” ndi “kutukumula” Amwenyewo, anatengera ntchito yolakwika yokhala ndi zotulukapo zowononga. Potengera kudzoza kuchokera ku United States, masukulu okhalamo adakhazikitsidwa mzaka za m'ma 1880 ndikukakamiza ana amtundu wa 1920, kuwasiya opanda njira ina.
Zolinga zake zinali zakuti kungotengeka mokakamiza m'pamene anthu amtundu wamba ndi Canada angachite bwino. Masukuluwo anakakamiza anthu kutengera makhalidwe awo mwa kukakamiza anthu a ku Ulaya kuvala, kumeta tsitsi la ana, ndi kulola Chingelezi chokha, n’kuleka kugwirizana ndi mabanja ndi chikhalidwe.
Ana anazunzidwa mwakuthupi, m’maganizo, ndi mwauzimu, limodzinso ndi kusadya mokwanira ndi chisamaliro chamankhwala. Pakati pa 1883 ndi 1997, ana oposa 150,000 anatengedwa mokakamiza m’nyumba zawo. Sukulu yomaliza yogonamo idatseka zitseko zake mu 1996, ndikusiya opulumuka akulimbana ndi zoopsazi.
Mchaka cha 2015, lipoti lomaliza la bungwe la Truth and Reconciliation Commission lidawulula mfundo yodabwitsa yoti sukulu zogona zakhala zikuyesera "kupha anthu azikhalidwe," ndi umboni wosonyeza kuphana kwenikweni, pomwe manda ambiri adapezeka m'masukulu osiyanasiyana. Mu 2021, Tk'emlúps ku Secwépemc First Nation inanenanso za manda pafupifupi 200 omwe anali pasukulu yakale ya Kamloops Indian Residential School, omwe adavumbulutsidwa kudzera mu radar yolowera pansi.
Ntchito yotengera anthu ku Canada, yomwe inkadziwika kuti ndi yopindulitsa, m'malo mwake inachititsa kuti chikhalidwe cha anthu amwenye chiwonongeko, kupweteketsa mtima, ndi kutayika komvetsa chisoni kwa miyoyo ya ana. Pakadali pano, Canada ikuyang'anizana ndi mlandu wakuphwanya kwambiri ufulu wa anthu.
2. Zododometsa za Anthu a ku Asia Amereka ku United States
Mbiri ya Asiya ku America imavumbulutsa nthano yovuta ya kutengera, akuvumbula chododometsa ku United States. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amatamandidwa ngati "ochepa achitsanzo," anthu aku Asia aku America nthawi imodzi amakumana ndi kutchedwa "osafanana."
Zodabwitsazi zinayamba m’zaka za m’ma 19 pamene anthu ochokera ku China, omwe anafika m’zaka za m’ma 1850, ankasalidwa ndi anthu a ku Asia. Powonedwa ngati antchito otsika mtengo, adagwira ntchito yosamalira dimba, ochapa zovala, ndi ogwira ntchito panjanji pomanga Transcontinental Railroad. Kusamvana kudakula, mpaka kumapeto kwa China Exclusion Act ya 1882, yomwe idathetsedwa ndi Magnuson Act mu 1943, kulola kusamukira ku China kochepa.
Munkhani ya 2012 yotchedwa "Asians in America: The Paradox of 'The Model Minority' ndi 'Mlendo Wosatha,'” Dr. Min Zhou anatsindika maganizo olakwika a anthu osamukira ku Asia WWII isanayambe, ndipo anawawonetsa ngati "alendo achinyengo" okhala ndi miyambo yachilendo. Tsankho linakula kwambiri pa nthawi ya WWII, makamaka kwa anthu aku Japan aku America, zomwe zidatsogolera kumisasa yandende. Dr. Zhou amatchula nthawiyi kuti ndi chiyambi cha nthano ya "ochepa ang'onoang'ono", monga Achimereka achi China ankafuna kutsimikizira kukhulupirika kwawo ku US ndikudzitalikitsa kuchokera ku Japan America.
Panthawi yomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, nthano zazing'ono zachitsanzo zidakhazikika, kuwonetsa anthu aku Asia aku America ngati zitsanzo zakuchita bwino. Lingaliro limeneli, komabe, silimangogawanitsa magulu ang’onoang’ono komanso limafeŵetsa mopambanitsa zokumana nazo zosiyanasiyana za anthu onse okhala m’zilumba za ku Asia ndi Pacific, kubisa tsankho lambiri.
Zochitika zaposachedwa, monga kukwera kwa tsankho lodana ndi Asia pa mliri wa COVID-19, zavumbula malire ofooka pakati pa kukhala "ochepa achitsanzo" ndikudziwikiratu ngati "mlendo" wamuyaya. Ngakhale akupita patsogolo pakutengera, anthu aku Asia aku America akupitilizabe kulimbana ndi tsankho komanso zachiwawa, zomwe zikubweretsa mafunso okhudza mphamvu ya kutengeka ngati lingaliro la anthu.
Komanso Werengani: Kodi Kusiyana Kwa Zikhalidwe Ndi Chiyani Ndipo N'chifukwa Chiyani Ndikofunikira?
Biculturalism vs. Kutengera Chikhalidwe
Pamene chikhalidwe chachikulu chikuumirira kuti aliyense azitsatira njira zake, kutengeka kumakhala kofunika kuti zinthu ziyende bwino. Izi zikuwonekera muzochitika zakale monga masukulu okhala ku Canada komanso zomwe anthu aku Asia America adakumana nazo. Komabe, kutengera kwathunthu si njira yokhayo, komanso si yabwino nthawi zonse.
Kukana kutengera kwathunthu kungayambitse kudzipatula ndi kutaya mwayi. Kotero, pali maziko apakati?
Psychology Today imatanthawuza kuti biculturalism ndi kuphatikiza chikhalidwe cha munthu ndi zomwe wakumana nazo. M'malo momangokhalira kusagwirizana pakati pa zikhalidwe ziwiri, ndi za kuyanjanitsa. Kafukufuku wa Seth Schwartz, pulofesa wa sayansi ya zaumoyo wa anthu, akuwonetsa kuti chikhalidwe cha biculturalism chingapangitse munthu kudzidalira kwambiri, kuchepetsa nkhawa, komanso ubale wabwino ndi mabanja. Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti, anthu amene ali ndi makhalidwe abwino nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi zotulukapo zoipa kwambiri, zomwe zimatchedwa “kudodometsa kwa anthu ochokera m’mayiko ena.”
M'malo motengera kwathunthu, anthu amatha kuphatikiza mbali za zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana kuti apange mawonekedwe apadera komanso okhutiritsa. Njira iyi imalola anthu kuti azilumikizana ndi cholowa chawo pomwe akulandira zatsopano.
Kutsiliza
Anthu akamaganiza zosamukira ku chikhalidwe china, anthu ambiri angasankhe kuti azigwirizana ndi zikhalidwe zina ngati akuona kuti ndi ovomerezeka. Komabe, malo ena angalepheretse osamukira kudziko lina kusunga chikhalidwe chawo, kapena amakhala ndi malamulo omveka bwino okhudza zomwe zili zovomerezeka. Dziko likhoza kulandira zakudya zatsopano zobweretsedwa ndi anthu obwera m’mayiko ena koma kuika malire pa miyambo ya chipembedzo chawo. Ziletso zikachuluka, m’pamenenso anthu amamva kuti salandiridwa bwino, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti asamakonde kusunga chikhalidwe chawo. Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto, ena angaone kuti n’zosavuta kusiya moyo wawo wakale ndi kutengera maganizo awo.
Kuti chikhalidwe cha biculturalism chiziyenda bwino, mayiko ayenera kuchichirikiza. Izi zimafunika kuthana ndi nkhani monga kusankhana mitundu ndi kudana ndi anthu ochokera kumayiko ena, kuwonetsetsa kuti zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zikukondweretsedwa osati kunyozedwa.
Njira zothandizira ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe kusakhale cholepheretsa kupambana. Njira imeneyi sikuti imangothandiza kuti anthu azikhala osangalala komanso kuti azikhala ndi moyo wabwino, komanso imalimbikitsa zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana komanso zolemeretsa pamlingo waukulu. Pamapeto pake, kuvomerezana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu awiri mwadala kumapangitsa kuti anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana azikhalira limodzi, kulimbikitsa anthu athanzi komanso achangu.
Siyani Mumakonda