Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, anthanthi achita mbali yofunika kwambiri m’kuumba mmene timaonera dziko ndi kulingalira za moyo. Ngakhale lero, malingaliro awo amakhalabe ofunika. Anthanthi akuluakulu ndi osonkhezera kwambiri m’mbiri yonse ya anthu atipatsa chidziŵitso chamtengo wapatali ponena za malingaliro aumunthu ndi dziko limene tikukhalamo.
Filosofi ndi kuphunzira mafunso ofunikira okhudza kukhalapo, chidziwitso, zikhulupiriro, kulingalira, malingaliro, ndi chilankhulo. Imafuna kufufuza mmene zinthu zilili zenizeni komanso cholinga cha moyo. Afilosofi amagwiritsa ntchito kuganiza mozama komanso kufufuza mozama kuti afufuze mbali zozama za moyo waumunthu. Kupyolera m'zolemba ndi ziphunzitso zawo, apereka cholowa chochuluka chomwe chikupitiriza kukhudza kumvetsetsa kwathu tokha komanso dziko lapansi.
Tsopano, tiyeni tifufuze mndandanda wa anthanthi akuluakulu a nthawi zonse omwe athandizira kwambiri nzeru zathu zonse.
Kodi Philosophy N'chiyani?
Philosophy amachokera ku mawu achi Greek omwe amatanthauza "kukonda nzeru." Zili ngati kudumphira mozama mu kumvetsetsa chidziwitso, kukhalapo, ndi zenizeni. Ingoganizirani ngati njira yoganizira zinthu zofunika monga zamakhalidwe, chilengedwe, kukongola, ndi zina. Afilosofi, kapena oganiza mozama, amasinkhasinkha pa zinthu monga tanthauzo la kukhala, kulingalira, ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana.
Chosangalatsa cha filosofi ndikuti si malingaliro akale chabe. Afilosofi amaganiza za kukhalapo kwaumunthu, kotero maphunziro awo amapitilirabe ngakhale atapita. Ndicho chifukwa chake ziphunzitso za afilosofi khumi apamwamba kuyambira kale zidakali zomveka lero. Zili ngati kuti anasiya nkhokwe ya nzeru zimene tingaphunzirepobe. Chifukwa chake, ngati munayamba mwadzifunsapo za mafunso akulu m'moyo, filosofi ikhoza kukhala ndi mayankho kwa inu!
Afilosofi 10 Opambana Onse Anthawi Zonse
Dziwani malingaliro ozama ndi nkhani za akatswiri anzeru a mbiri yakale. Tiyeni tifufuze ziphunzitso zosavuta koma zogwira mtima za malingaliro odabwitsawa.
1. Aristotle
Aristotle, wafilosofi wotchuka wachi Greek, ankakhala ku Greece Yakale kuyambira 384 mpaka 322 BC. Motsogozedwa ndi wanthanthi wotchuka Plato, Aristotle anakhala katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo, wochita bwino kwambiri m’mbali zosiyanasiyana.
Nthawi zambiri amatamandidwa ngati wasayansi woyamba m'mbiri, Aristotle adalemba zolemba zopitilira 200, zomwe pafupifupi 31 zikuyendabe mpaka pano. Ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana zidakhudza nzeru zamalingaliro, zamakhalidwe, nthanthi zandale, zokometsera, ndi zolankhula, komanso biology. Mwachidziŵikire, iye anathandizira kwambiri kupenda mwatsatanetsatane zomera ndi zinyama.
Cholowa chokhalitsa cha Aristotle chagona mu ntchito yake yoyambira pa logic, kuyimira njira yoyamba yoyendetsera mfundo za kulingalira kolondola.
Kuonjezera apo, adapeza njira zitatu zoyambirira za rhetoric: ethos (makhalidwe), pathos (malingaliro), ndi logos (logic). Kukula kwake kwa chiphunzitso chochotsa, chomwe tsopano chimadziwika kuti syllogism, chimakhalabe gawo lofunikira kwambiri pazopereka zake zanzeru. Masiku ano, Aristotle amalemekezedwa chifukwa chopanga maziko oyambirira a maphunziro osiyanasiyana komanso ntchito yake yochita upainiya dziko la filosofi.
2. Socates
Socrates, wanthanthi Wachigiriki wochokera ku Atene, kaŵirikaŵiri amatamandidwa monga mpainiya wa nzeru za Azungu ndiponso mmodzi wa anthanthi aakulu koposa m’nthaŵi zonse. Zopereka zake makamaka zili mu filosofi yamakhalidwe abwino, zomwe zimamuyika kukhala katswiri woyamba wamakhalidwe abwino mumwambowu. Ngakhale kuti analibe zolemba za iye yekha, ziphunzitso zake zasungidwa kupyolera mu nkhani za ophunzira ake, Xenophon ndi Plato.
Socrates anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pakupanga zokambirana za Socrates, mtundu wa mabuku wozikidwa pa kuphunzitsa mwa luso la kufunsa mafunso. M’malo mwa nkhani zamwambo, ankakambirana zimene zinkalimbikitsa kuganiza mozama komanso kudzifufuza.
Tsoka ilo, zikhulupiriro zosavomerezeka za Socrates zinamupangitsa kugwa. Mu 399 BC, adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe pa milandu yowononga achinyamata komanso kukana kuvomereza milungu yovomerezeka ya mzindawo. Ngakhale panthawi yake yomaliza, Socrates adakhalabe wodzipereka ku mfundo zake zafilosofi, akusiya cholowa chomwe chikupitirizabe kukhudza maganizo ndi maphunziro akumadzulo.
3. Confucius
Confucius, wanthanthi wa ku China wakale (770 - 481 BCE), ankakhulupirira kukhala ndi moyo wabwino wozikidwa pa mfundo za makhalidwe abwino. Iye ankafuna kuti aliyense akhale ndi mwayi wophunzira, ndipo ntchito ya uphunzitsi inakhala yolemekezeka. Lingaliro ili likugwirizana ndi cholinga cha University of the People, monga Confucius ndi yunivesite ali ndi cholinga chimodzi chopangitsa maphunziro kufikika kwa aliyense.
Confucius nayenso anayambitsa Confucianism, zikhulupiriro zozikidwa pa makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe abwino. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za Confucianism, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa kuti makhalidwe ake amaphatikizapo chilungamo, chifundo, kupanda amuna, ndi kulemekeza ufulu wodzilamulira. Pakati pa ziphunzitso zake, makhalidwe abwino asanu osalekeza amaonekera: chifundo, chilungamo, kukhulupirika, kuyenerera, ndi nzeru.
Kaŵirikaŵiri, Confucius ankakhulupirira kukhala munthu wabwino ndi kuchitira ena mokoma mtima ndi kuona mtima. Iye ankaganiza kuti maphunziro ndi makhalidwe abwino n’zofunika kwambiri kuti anthu azikhala ogwirizana. Ziphunzitso zake zikupitirizabe kusonkhezera ndi kulimbikitsa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kuti ayesetse kukhala ndi moyo wabwinoko komanso wakhalidwe labwino.
4. Lao-Tzu
Lao-Tzu, katswiri wa filosofi, anapanga chiphunzitso chogwirizana kwambiri ndi Taoism, chikhulupiliro chomwe chinayambira cha m'ma 500 BCE ku China Yakale. Chitao chimagogomezera kukhalirana kogwirizana kwa nyama ndi anthu m’chilengedwe chonse. Lao-Tzu, amene analemba buku loyambirira la Chitao, anayambitsanso lingaliro la kusafa kwauzimu, akumalingalira kuti mzimu sufa koma umagwirizana ndi chilengedwe pambuyo pa imfa. Ankalimbikitsa kukhala mogwirizana ndi chi (kapena qi), mphamvu yotsogolera chilengedwe.
Nzeru ya Chitao imaphatikizapo mfundo ya kulinganiza mphamvu, yophiphiritsidwa ndi yin ndi yang. Lingaliro limeneli likusonyeza mmene mphamvu zotsutsana, monga kuunika ndi mdima, kutentha ndi kuzizira, ndi kuchitapo kanthu ndi kusachitapo kanthu, zimagwirira ntchito pamodzi kubweretsa mtendere padziko lapansi. Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 8 C.E., Chitao chinasintha n’kukhala chipembedzo cha mzera wa mafumu a Tang. Ngakhale kuti chinali chimodzi mwa zipembedzo zazikulu za ku China pamodzi ndi Confucianism ndi Buddhism, Taoism inaponderezedwa pamene Chikomyunizimu chinalanda 1959.
Komanso Werengani: Kodi Social Criticism ndi chiyani? Mitundu Yotsutsa Anthu
5. John Loke
John Locke, katswiri wamaphunziro a ku Ulaya wa m’zaka za m’ma 17, ankagwira ntchito ku Oxford ndipo ankafufuza zachipatala. Iye ndi wodziŵika chifukwa cha zopereka zake ku Chidziwitso ndi kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa ufulu.
Locke anachirikiza mwamphamvu ufulu wa munthu aliyense wokhala ndi moyo, ufulu, ndi katundu, akumakana lingaliro la kuyenera kwaumulungu kwa mafumu. Malinga ndi iye, wolamulira akalephera kulemekeza ufulu umenewu, anthu amakhala ndi mphamvu zochotsa mfumuyo pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Chikhulupiriro chake chachikulu chinali chakuti udindo waukulu wa boma ndi kuthandiza anthu.
Malingaliro a Locke adayika maziko a lingaliro la boma lochepa, ndikugogomezera kufunika koteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Malingaliro ake okhudzidwa pa ulamuliro ndi ufulu wa anthu akupitirizabe kupanga filosofi ya ndale komanso kumvetsetsa kwa ubale pakati pa olamulira ndi olamulidwa.
6. Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche, wanthanthi Wachijeremani, anasiya chidziŵitso chachikulu m’maiko a Kumadzulo ndi zolemba zake zofotokoza nkhani zosiyanasiyana monga sayansi, luso, chikhalidwe, ndi mbiri. Iye anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa kukhalapo ndi surrealism, mayendedwe awiri omwe adawonekera pambuyo pa zopereka zake.
Filosofi yaikulu ya Nietzsche, nihilism, imasonyeza kuti chirichonse, kuphatikizapo moyo, sichikhala ndi tanthauzo. Lingaliro limeneli lakhala ndi chiyambukiro chosatha, kuumba kayendedwe ka filosofi ndi luso lomwe linatsatira zaka pambuyo pa nthawi yake. Malingaliro ake anasonkhezera kuunikanso zikhulupiriro za makolo ndi kutsegulira njira ya kulingalira kwatsopano ponena za kukhalako.
M’mawu osavuta kumva, Nietzsche ankakhulupirira kuti moyo ulibe cholinga chodziwikiratu. Lingaliro limeneli linasonkhezera ambiri kukayikira zikhalidwe zokhazikitsidwa ndi kufufuza malingaliro osagwirizana. Zotsatira zoyipa za filosofi yake zidafikira kumayendedwe akukhalapo komanso surrealist, ndikupanga momwe anthu amawonera dziko lowazungulira. Masiku ano, malingaliro a Nietzsche akupitirizabe kuphunziridwa ndi kutsutsana, zomwe zimamupangitsa kukhala wodziwika bwino m'mbiri ya filosofi.
7. Karl Marx
Karl Marx amaonedwa kuti ndi mmodzi mwa anthanthi akuluakulu a nthawi zonse. Iye ndi wochokera ku Germany ndipo anakhala m’zaka za m’ma 1800. Iye anatulukira chiphunzitso cha Marx, chiphunzitso chokhudza anthu, ndale, ndi ndalama. Marx ankaganiza kuti pakati pa anthu pali nkhondo pakati pa magulu awiri: ogwira ntchito ndi olemera omwe ali ndi malonda.
Iye ankakhulupirira kuti tsiku lina antchitowo adzaukira olemera pankhondo yaikulu. Pankhondo imeneyi, ogwira ntchitowo akanayamba kulamulira chuma. Marx analankhula zambiri za chikominisi, dongosolo limene chirichonse chimagawidwa pakati pa aliyense, ndipo palibe katundu wamba.
Malingaliro a Marx anali amphamvu kwambiri, ndipo anatchuka chifukwa chochirikiza chikominisi. Iye ankafuna kusintha mmene anthu amachitira zinthu kuti aliyense azichitira zinthu mwachilungamo. Maganizo a Marx anakhudza anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
8. Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ralph Waldo Emerson, wafilosofi wa ku America, mphunzitsi, wothetsa nkhani, komanso wolemba nkhani, adakhudza kwambiri anthu. Chothandizira chake chodziwika bwino ndi nkhani yotchedwa "Kudzidalira." Pokhala m’zaka za m’ma 1800, iye anagawana zofanana ndi anthu a m’nthaŵi ya British Romantic, akugogomezera kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa Mulungu, umunthu, ndi chilengedwe.
Ntchito ya Emerson ili ndi mphamvu yosinthira, kulimbikitsa owerenga kuti azidalira malingaliro awo okha kuposa china chilichonse. Malingaliro ake amagwirizana ndi kufunikira kwa kukhala payekha ndi kudzidalira, kulimbikitsa anthu kukhulupirira maluso awo. Kupyolera mu zolemba zake, Emerson amalimbikitsa mphamvu, kulimbikitsa ufulu waumwini ndi mphamvu zomwe zimabwera chifukwa chogwirizana ndi chilengedwe.
Komanso, chikoka cha Ralph Waldo Emerson chimadutsa nthawi yake, kusiya cholowa chokhalitsa chomwe chimalimbikitsa kudzidalira komanso kugwirizana kwa anthu omwe ali ndi umulungu ndi chilengedwe. Kugogomezera kwake pa kudzidalira kumapitirizabe kulimbikitsa ndi kutsogolera iwo omwe akufuna kuyendetsa zovuta za moyo ndi chidaliro ndi kudziimira.
9. Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant, wanthanthi wotchuka kuyambira 1724 mpaka 1804 pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Baltic, amadziwika chifukwa cha ntchito zake pa Chifukwa Chothandiza, Chifukwa Choyera, ndi Mphamvu ya Chiweruzo. Kant ankakhulupirira kuti kuzindikira makhalidwe abwino kumadalira kukwaniritsa udindo wathu m'malo mongoganizira zotsatira zake. Mfundo yake yaikulu ya makhalidwe abwino imagogomezera kuti kulingalira za makhalidwe abwino n’kofunika kuposa kuganiza zina.
Malingaliro a Kant pa za makhalidwe abwino amachokera pa lingaliro lakuti zochita nzabwino kapena zolakwika potengera ngati timakwaniritsa udindo wathu, osati zotsatira za zochita zathu. Malinga ndi lamulo lake lalikulu la makhalidwe abwino, kuganiza bwino n'kofunika kwambiri kuposa kulingalira kwina kulikonse.
Nthawi zambiri, nzeru za Kant zimagogomezera kufunika kwa udindo ndi udindo wowunika momwe zochita zathu zilili. Cholowa chake chimadziwika ndi kugogomezera kwambiri ukulu wa malingaliro amakhalidwe abwino m'malo achikhalidwe.
Komanso Werengani: Mndandanda wa Sukulu Zonse za Psychology Zolingalira Zofotokozedwa
10. Epicurus
Epicurus, wanthanthi Wachigiriki wanzeru amene anakhalako kuyambira 341 mpaka 27 B.C.E., anayambitsa filosofi ya Epikureya, imene inali ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu. Iye anaika ziphunzitso zake pa lingaliro lakuti cholinga chachikulu cha moyo wa munthu ndicho chimwemwe, chopezedwa mwa kusakhalapo kwa kusokonezeka kwa maganizo ndi kupweteka kwakuthupi.
Malinga ndi Epicurus, chinsinsi cha moyo wokhutiritsa chagona pa kufunafuna zosangalatsa, osati kungoganiza chabe. Iye ananena kuti chimwemwe chenicheni ndicho chinthu chabwino kwambiri kwa anthu. Iye anasonyeza kuti zilakolako zopanda nzeru n’zimene zimachititsa nkhawa, kutanthauza kuti munthu akamachotsa mantha oopa chilango ndi imfa akhoza kuchepetsa nkhawa n’kupeza chimwemwe chenicheni. Epicurus anagogomezera kufunikira kwa kumvetsetsa ndi kuyang'anira zikhumbo kuti akhale ndi moyo wokhutira ndi wosangalatsa. Ziphunzitso zake zimachirikiza kawonedwe kolinganizika kachisangalalo, kupeŵa kudzikondweretsa mopambanitsa ndi kosafunikira.
Mwambiri, Epikureya, monga momwe Epicurus anachirikizira, amalimbikitsa moyo wodzipereka ku chimwemwe, wopanda zosokoneza zamaganizo ndi zowawa zakuthupi, zopezedwa mwa kufunafuna chisangalalo cholingalira ndi kuchotsa mantha opanda nzeru.
Kutsiliza
Malingaliro ambiri ndi mafilosofi a ena mwa anthanthi akuluakulu a nthawi zonse amakhalabe ofunikira m'dziko lamakono. Oganiza akalewa athandizira kwambiri kumvetsetsa kwathu umunthu ndi momwe timalumikizirana ndi ife tokha, ena, chilengedwe, ndi umulungu.
Kusalekeza kwa anthanthi akuluakulu kumapitilira kuwongolera malingaliro athu ndikutilimbikitsa kusinkhasinkha mafunso m'njira zatsopano komanso zozama. Iwo atipatsa mfundo zotsogola zimene zimakhudza khalidwe lathu m’chitaganya, zimaumba malingaliro athu ponena za boma, ndakatulo, maphunziro, masamu, ndi sayansi, ndi kusonkhezera kufufuza kwathu m’mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo.
Maziko a filosofi ameneŵa atsimikizira kukhala okhalitsa, akutipatsa chidziŵitso chamtengo wapatali chimene chakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri. Pamene tikuyang'ana zovuta za dziko lathu lamakono, nzeru za zimphona zafilosofizi zimakhala ngati chitsogozo chosatha pazochitika zathu zanzeru ndi makhalidwe abwino.
Siyani Mumakonda