A cikin 1955, Rosa Parks yana dawowa daga aiki a wani shago. An yini mai tsawo, amma Parks ba ta gajiya fiye da yadda ta saba, kamar yadda ta bayyana daga baya. Gajiyar ta zo ne daga jimre wa shekaru na wariyar launin fata da ƙiyayya.
A ranar, sa’ad da direban bas ɗin ya ce ta bar wurin zama don farar fata, Rosa ta yanke shawarar cewa ta jimre sosai. Ƙin motsin da ta yi ya haifar da yunƙurin adawa da ƙungiyar nuna wariyar launin fata mai zurfi a cikin Amurka.
Za mu dubi muhimman bayanai guda 15 game da wuraren shakatawa na Rosa, mai mahimmanci a cikin ƙungiyoyin 'Yancin Bil'adama.
Gaskiya game da Rosa Parks
1. A cikin 1955, Rosa Parks ya fuskanci kama don wani abu mai sauƙi na juriya
A ranar 1 ga Disamba, Parks na kan hanyarta ta komawa gida daga aiki lokacin da ta fuskanci ka'idojin rarrabuwa na tsarin bas.
Motar bas ɗin ta keɓance takamaiman wurare ga fararen fata da baƙi fasinjoji, tare da farar fata suna mamaye sahun gaba yayin da baƙar fata suka tilasta zama a baya. Rosa ta bi ƙa'ida amma direban bas ya ce ta matsa gaba da baya don ɗaukar fararen mahaya. Rosa ta ƙi yin watsi da wannan bukata ta rashin adalci.
Sakamakon haka, an kira ‘yan sanda, wanda ya kai ga kama ta. Wannan lamarin, da alama na kowa ne, ya zama wani muhimmin lokaci a tarihi yayin da ya haifar da kauracewa bas na Montgomery kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Rightsungiyoyin Kare Hakkokin Jama'a, ƙalubalantar dokokin wariyar launin fata.
Binciken wannan taron yana taimaka mana mu fahimci babban tasirin jajircewar mutum ɗaya a kan rashin adalci.
2. Ana tunawa da Rosa Parks a matsayin "Uwar Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama" saboda muhimmiyar zanga-zangar
Ƙungiyoyin 'Yancin Bil'adama wani shiri ne mai mahimmanci a cikin 1900s don tabbatar da kowa yana da haƙƙin daidaitawa a Amurka.
Bayan da aka kawar da bauta a ƙarshen yakin basasa, Baƙar fata a Amurka sun fuskanci rashin adalci da yawa. An raba su da Whitean Amurkawa a wurare kamar makarantu, kuma ba shakka, a cikin shirye-shiryen wurin zama a cikin bas.
Daga 1954 zuwa 1968, an yi babban yunkuri na canza abubuwa da inganta su.
Ayyukan Rosa Parks babban sashi ne na wannan canji. Bata bar zamanta a bas din ba, wannan shine juyi. Bayan haka, mutane da yawa sun yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da raba Baƙar fata, kuma ba su yi amfani da motocin ba har tsawon shekara guda.
A ƙarshe, an sami karar kotu da ta ce ba daidai ba ne a ware mutane a cikin motocin bas a Alabama. Bajintar da Rosa Parks ya yi ya taimaka wajen kyautata al'amura ga Baƙar fata kuma ya nuna ƙarfin zanga-zangar lumana.
3. Rosa Parks ta fuskanci matsalar shari'a bayan kama ta
ED Nixon, shugaban Alabama NAACP, kuma wasu abokan hulda sun taimaka wajen ganin an sake ta ta hanyar biyan belin ta jim kadan bayan kama ta. A cikin kwanaki huɗu kawai, Rosa ta sami kanta a cikin wani ɗaki. Dangane da mayar da martani, NAACP ta shirya kauracewa tsarin bas, inda ta bukaci mutane da su guji amfani da ita maimakon su zabi wasu hanyoyin sufuri kamar tafiya ko daukar taksi don nuna hadin kai da Rosa.
Duk da wannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, shari’ar da Rosa ta yi ya ƙare ba daidai ba, inda kotu ta yanke mata hukunci tare da ci tarar $14.00. Duk da haka, wannan koma baya bai kawo ƙarshen tafiyar Rosa ba. Labarin nata ya ci gaba da jan hankali kuma ya zaburar da wasu da yawa a cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yancin jama'a.
4. Kin amincewar Rosa Parks na barin wurin zama a kan wata motar bas ta keɓance ya yi tasiri sosai kan ƙauracewa bas ɗin Montgomery.
Bayan kammala shari'ar Rosa, masu fafutuka sun yanke shawarar ci gaba da zanga-zangar adawa da tsarin bas na rashin adalci. Sun taru ne don kafa Ƙungiyar Haɓakawa ta Montgomery (MIA), da nufin tsarawa da jagorantar kauracewa. Matashin Martin Luther King Jr., mai shekaru 26 a lokacin, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kungiyar.
Rosa Parks ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin MIA, tana aiki a hukumar gudanarwa kuma ta ɗan yi aiki a matsayin mai aikawa. A matsayinta na aika aika, ta taimaka wa mahalarta ƙauracewa ta hanyar haɗa su da hawan zuwa aiki, makaranta, da sauran alkawura. MIA ta aiwatar da tsarin motar motsa jiki, ta yin amfani da motoci masu zaman kansu sama da 300 da kekunan tasha 22 da majami'u suka samar.
Wannan sabuwar dabarar ta tabbatar da cewa kusan mutane 30,000 sun sami jigilar da suke buƙata kowace rana. Ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwar MIA da membobinta sun nuna ƙarfin ƙungiyoyin al'umma wajen ƙalubalantar wariya da haɓaka 'yancin ɗan adam.
5. Rosa Parks ta sake fuskantar wani kama a 1956
A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu na wannan shekarar, wani babban juri na Montgomery ya tuhumi Rosa Parks, tare da ED Nixon, Martin Luther King Jr., da wasu 86, a karkashin Dokar Anti-Boycott ta Alabama. Wannan doka ta haramta shiga cikin kauracewa bas din da suke jagoranta. Zargin ya samo asali ne daga hannunsu a zanga-zangar adawa da wariyar launin fata.
Hotunan da aka fi sani da Rosa Parks, gami da hotonta da hoton da ake buga mata yatsa, suna da alaƙa da wannan kama a 1956, ba zanga-zangar farko ba a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1955.
Waɗannan hotuna masu kyan gani suna ɗaukar wani muhimmin lokaci a cikin Ƙungiyoyin 'Yancin Bil'adama, suna bayyana sakamakon shari'a da Parks da wasu suka fuskanta waɗanda suka kalubalanci dokokin wariyar ta hanyar juriya mara kyau.
6. Rosa Parks ta sami shahara sosai saboda ƙin barin kujerar motar sa, amma ba ita ce mace ta farko da ta tsaya adawa da wariya ba.
A shekara ta 1955, Claudette Colvin ’yar shekara 15 ta ɗauki irin wannan matsayi ta ƙin ba wa wata farar mace kujerarta kuma aka kama ta.
Ko da yake Rosa Parks ya goyi bayan dalilin Claudette, wasu shugabannin 'yancin ɗan adam sun yi tunanin Claudette, wanda aka kwatanta da "feisty," ba shine mafi kyawun mai gabatar da kara ba. Duk da haka, Rosa ta kasance abokiyar gaba ga Claudette a lokacin bazara bayan kama ta.
Duk da yake labarin Claudette bazai zama sananne kamar na Rosa ba, yana da tasiri sosai. A cikin 1956, Claudette ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu gabatar da kara a Browder v Gayle, shari'ar tarayya wacce a ƙarshe ta haifar da raguwar tsarin bas ɗin Montgomery. Waɗannan labarun suna jadada sarƙaƙƙiya da haɗin kai a bayan sanannun maganganu da ayyuka a cikin ƙungiyoyin yancin ɗan adam.
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7. Tun tana karama, Rosa Parks, asalinta Rosa McCauley, tana sane da wariyar launin fata
An haife ta a matakin Pine, Alabama, ta girma tare da mahaifiyarta, ɗan'uwanta, da kakaninta. Yarinta ya zo daidai da karuwar tashin hankalin launin fata bayan yakin duniya na daya, wanda ya sa kakanta ya tsaya gadi a baranda, dauke da bindiga, yana kallon Ku Klux Klan. Kamar yadda Rosa ta koyi muhimman dabaru kamar dinki, dafa abinci, da tsaftacewa, ta kuma yi amfani da lokaci don “ci gaba da tsaro” tare da kakanta.
Da koyarwar kakanta Rosa ya yi mata ja-gora, ta ƙulla matsaya mai ƙarfi a kan yarda da zalunci. A wani lamari da ya faru tun yarinta, wani yaro bature ya yi mata barazana, wanda hakan ya sa Rosa ta dauki mataki. Cikin rashin tsoro ta dauko bulo, ta yi nasarar tsorata yaron. Waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na farko sun haifar da fahimtar Rosa Parks game da rashin daidaiton launin fata da rashin adalci, wanda ya kafa harsashin yunƙurinta na baya-bayan nan a cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam.
8. Rosa Parks tana da ƙane mai suna Sylvester James McCauley, wanda yana ɗan shekara biyu.
Sylvester yayi aiki a yakin duniya na biyu, yana shiga cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai da na Pacific. Bayan yakin, ya ƙaura zuwa Detroit tare da matarsa, Daisy, kuma tare suka haifi 'ya'ya goma sha uku. Sylvester ya sami abin rayuwa a matsayin kafinta kuma ya yi aiki da Kamfanin Motoci na Chrysler.
Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Sylvester, Sheila McCauley Keys, ta rubuta wani littafi mai suna "Auntie Rosa: The Family of Rosa Parks Remembers Her Life and Lessons," wanda aka buga a 2015. Littafin ya ba da haske a kan rayuwar Rosa Parks da koyarwa, yana ba da hangen nesa na sirri. daga cikin iyali. Ta wannan aikin, Sheila ta ɗauki ainihin tasirin innarta, ta samar da wani yabo da ke ƙara fahimtar gadon Rosa Parks.
9. Rosa Parks da Raymond Parks sun yi aure a shekara ta 1932 bayan ya ba da shawarar kwanan wata ta biyu.
Dukansu 'yan gwagwarmaya ne, tare da Raymond da hannu sosai wajen tallafawa tsaron Scottsboro Boys, matasa 'yan Black tara da ake zargi da laifin fyade.
Ya yi aiki a kan haƙƙin ma'aikata a Montgomery kuma ya ba da kuɗi don dalilin. Yunkurin ya kasance mai haɗari, wanda ya jagoranci magoya baya saduwa a wurare na sirri. Don isar da cikakkun bayanai game da taron, Raymond ya ɗauki hanya mai hankali - tsaye a gaban wani takamaiman hasken titi yana ɗaure takalminsa ta musamman. Rosa cikin ƙauna ta kira shi a matsayin "mai fafutuka na farko da na taɓa saduwa da shi."
Yunkurin ma'auratan na yin adalci da daidaito ya daidaita rayuwarsu, tare da tasirin Raymond na farko yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin Rosa daga baya a matsayin alamar 'yancin ɗan adam. Ayyukan da ake ganin na yau da kullun na ɗaure takalmi ko tsayawa a bakin titi suna da ma'ana mai ƙarfi a tafiyarsu ta fafutuka.
10. Rosa Parks ta ɗauki ayyuka daban-daban a rayuwarta
A cikin 1933, ta sami difloma ta sakandare, wani abin da ba kasafai ake samu ba ga mutane Baƙar fata a lokacin. Duk da iliminta, samun aikin da ya dace da cancantar ta ya zama ƙalubale. Rosa ta ɗauki ayyuka kamar wakilin inshora, magatakardar ofis, ma'aikacin jinya, da ma'aikacin gida.
Bugu da kari, ta tsunduma cikin aikin dinki a gida don kara kudin shiga. Mahaifiyarta da kakarta ta wajen uwa ne suka raya sana'ar dinkin Rosa, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ne suka raya ta. Haka kuma, ta sami horon dinki na yau da kullun a Makarantar Masana'antu ta Montgomery don 'yan mata kafin ta kammala karatun ta.
11. Rosa Parks ta shahara da ƙin barin kujerar bas ɗinta, amma fafutuka ta fara shekaru da suka wuce.
Komawa cikin 1943, ta shiga Montgomery NAACP a matsayin sakatare. Matsayin Rosa ya haɗa da binciken shari'o'in da suka shafi zalunci na 'yan sanda, kisan kai, fyade, da kuma wariyar launin fata. Musamman ma, ta kai karar da ta shafi sacewa da kuma yi wa wata Bakar fata ‘yar shekara 24 fyade. Da take fuskantar ’yan sandan yankin na kin gurfanar da wadanda suka aikata laifin, Rosa, a madadin Montgomery NAACP, ta dauki lamarin a hannunta.
Don magance rashin adalci, ta kafa kwamitin daidaita adalci kuma ta shirya kamfen rubuta wasiƙa ga gwamnan Alabama. Ko da yake a ƙarshe an yi taron manyan alkalai na musamman, ba a taɓa tuhumi maharan bisa ƙa'ida ba. Dangane da sadaukarwarta, an nada Rosa a matsayin sakatariyar jihar NAACP ta farko a 1948.
12. Bayan nasarar kauracewa bas din Montgomery, Rosa Parks ta gamu da cikas da suka tilasta mata barin jiharta ta haihuwa.
Duk da nasarar da aka samu na kauracewa zaben, wanda ya haifar da ayyana wariya a kan safarar jama'a ba bisa ka'ida ba, Rosa da mijinta, Raymond, sun fuskanci matsaloli. Sun rasa ayyukansu kuma sun yi kokawa don samun aikin yi, duk yayin da suke fama da barazanar kisa.
Watanni takwas bayan kammala kauracewa, Rosa, Raymond, da mahaifiyar Rosa suka ƙaura zuwa Detroit, Michigan, inda ɗan'uwan Rosa yake zama. Ko da yake sun sami wasu gyare-gyare, amma wariyar launin fata ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har ma a Arewa, wanda ya haifar da kalubale ga ma'auratan ta fuskar samun kwanciyar hankali da aikin yi. Duk da haka, duk da waɗannan wahalhalu, Rosa Parks ta tsaya tsayin daka a kan jajircewarta na ba da shawarar daidaiton launin fata da 'yanci.
13. Rosa Parks ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa John Conyers, matashin lauya a Michigan, a lokacin tafiyarsa ta siyasa.
A baya a cikin 1960s, Conyers ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe don sabon kujerar Majalisa a Michigan. Duk da rashin daidaituwar, Rosa Parks, wanda ta haɗa da kimar aiki tare da Conyers, ya ba da kansa don yaƙin neman zaɓe.
A cikin 1965, Conyers ya ki amincewa da tsammanin kuma ya yi nasara a zaben. Gane sadaukarwar Parks, nan da nan ya ɗauke ta aiki a ofishinsa na Detroit. Wannan ya nuna mahimmin juyi ga Parks, saboda ya zama aikinta na kwanciyar hankali na farko bayan kauracewa Bus ɗin Montgomery. Rosa Parks ta ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga ofishin Conyers har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a cikin 1988, tana nuna haɗin gwiwar da aka daɗe wanda ya fara tare da sadaukar da kai ga adalci na zamantakewa da yancin aiki.
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14. Rosa Parks ta rike coci da addini kusa da zuciyarta
Don gane ta a matsayin mai fafutuka, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci bangaskiyar Kiristanci. Tana girma, ta tafi Dutsen Sihiyona na Episcopal Methodist na Afirka a matakin Pine. Ko da ta girma, bangaskiyarta ta kasance da ƙarfi.
A cikin littafinta mai suna "Karfin Surutu: Bangaskiya, Bege da Zuciyar macen da Ta Canja Al'umma," Rosa ta jaddada mahimmancin coci. Ta gan shi a matsayin mafakar tsaro inda mutane za su taru su koya ba tare da fuskantar rashin adalci ba. Rosa ta kwatanta cocin a matsayin "tushen al'ummarmu."
Bai wuce wurin ibada kawai ba; shi ne inda mutane suka sami tallafi, ilimi, da daidaito. Bangaskiyar Rosa ba ta rabu da gwagwarmayarta ba; maimakon haka, hakan ya kara rura wutar yunƙurinta na fafutukar tabbatar da adalci da daidaito. Fahimtar kalmominta game da ikkilisiya yana ba da haske ga dabi'u da imani waɗanda suka jagoranci ayyukanta a cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam.
15. Shekara guda kafin mutuwarta, Rosa Parks an gano ta da wani nau'in ciwon hauka wanda ya kara tsananta a tsawon lokaci.
Ta mutu ne saboda dalilai na halitta. Mutane da yawa sun girmama ta bayan ta rasu. An ajiye gawarta ne a babban dakin taro na US Capitol Rotunda da ke Washington, DC, inda jama'a suka duba ta.
Wannan babbar girmamawa ce, domin ita ce mace ta farko kuma Bakar fata ta biyu da ta karɓi wannan haraji. A cikin Detroit da Montgomery, an yi shirye-shirye na musamman akan motocin bas don ajiye kujerun gaba, masu alamar baƙar fata, don tunawa da irin ƙarfin hali da ta yi a cikin motar bas shekaru da yawa da suka wuce.
Lokacin da aka binne Rosa Parks, an binne ta tsakanin mijinta Raymond, wanda ya rasu a 1977, da mahaifiyarta. Wannan lokaci ne mai natsuwa da natsuwa ga wadanda suka yaba da jaruntaka da jajircewarta na tsayawa tsayin daka wajen kare hakkin jama'a. Rayuwar Rosa Parks tana ci gaba da zaburar da mutane a duniya.
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