{Asar Amirka, mai yawan al'umma fiye da miliyan 330, ta bazu a cikin jihohi 50 da Washington DC, na fuskantar kalubale daban-daban na zamantakewa. Tasirin siyasa da al'adun Amurka ya bazu a duniya, yana tasiri mutane a duk duniya.
Yana da kyau a san wasu fitattun al'amura da suka shafi al'umma. Mun tattauna wasu batutuwan zamantakewa da misalai don taimaka muku fahimtar al'amuran da ke gaba.
Bashin ɗalibi abin damuwa ne mai yaɗuwa, wanda ke ɗora wa mutane da yawa nauyi masu neman ilimi. Rashin daidaiton albashi wani lamari ne, yana nuna rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin abin da ake samu tsakanin kungiyoyi daban-daban. Kiwon lafiya da gidaje suna fuskantar ƙalubale, suna shafar jin daɗin ƴan ƙasa da samun matsuguni.
Wariyar launin fata ta kasance matsala ce mai tushe, tana shafar bangarori daban-daban na al'ummar Amurka. Ganewa da magance waɗannan batutuwa goma yana da mahimmanci don samar da al'umma mai adalci da adalci, ba ga Amurkawa kaɗai ba amma ga al'ummar duniya waɗanda waɗannan ƙalubale suka yi tasiri.
Ci gaba da karatu yayin da kuke ƙarin koyo game da misalan batutuwan zamantakewa a cikin Amurka waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa cikin gaggawa.
Misalai na al'amurran zamantakewa a cikin Amurka
1. Kalubalen Gidaje masu araha
Neman gidaje masu araha a Amurka yana ƙara wahala. A 2021 benci Research Rahoton ya nuna cewa kashi 49% na Amurkawa suna ɗaukar gidaje masu araha a matsayin "babban matsala" a cikin al'ummominsu, wanda ke nuna karuwar 10% tun farkon 2019.
Matsalar dai tana da nasaba da rashin biyan albashi, lamarin da ke haifar da damuwa a fadin kasar.
Rahoton 2021 na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafa Gidaje ta Ƙasa ya ba da haske game da gaskiya mai ban tsoro: babu wani ma'aikaci a kowace jiha da zai iya samun gidan haya mai daki biyu tare da daidaitaccen mako na aiki na sa'o'i 40. A cikin jihohi kamar New York, California, da Texas, lamarin yana da muni musamman.
A New York, mutum yana buƙatar yin aiki sa'o'i 94 a mako a albashin dalar Amurka $12.50 a kowace awa don samun hayar gida mai daki 1. A California, mafi ƙarancin albashi na $14.00/awa yana buƙatar awoyi 89 na aiki a kowane mako don iri ɗaya. Ko da a Texas, tare da albashin sa $7.25/hour, hayar mai daki 1 yana buƙatar satin aiki na sa'o'i 100 mai ban mamaki.
Matsakaicin albashi, hauhawar basussuka, da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki suma sun wargaza mafarkin mallakar gida, musamman ga Millennials.
Dangane da Lissafin Apartment, 18% na masu haya na shekaru dubu na fuskantar babban cikas ga shiga kasuwannin gidaje, wanda ke ƙara ƙalubalen samun damar gidaje a ƙasar.
2. Gwagwarmaya don Kula da Lafiya mai araha
Samun tsarin kiwon lafiya mai aiki da araha ya kasance kalubale a Amurka.
A cewar wani bincike ta KFF ta hanyar amfani da bayanan gwamnati, kusan 1 cikin 10 manya suna fama da bashin magani, inda mutane miliyan 3 ke bin sama da dala 10,000. Wadanda babban bashin likita ya fi shafa sun hada da bakar fata, mutane masu nakasa, da wadanda ke cikin rashin lafiya. Gabaɗaya, Amurkawa tare suna bin ɗaruruwan biliyoyin daloli.
Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 ya kara bayyana aibu a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya. Wani labarin na 2021 ya ba da haske game da batutuwa masu jurewa kamar shingen samun damar kiwon lafiya, tsadar kayayyaki, rashin daidaito, rashin kula da lafiyar jama'a, da damuwa masu inganci, duk cutar ta ta'azzara. Tsarin kula da lafiyar da ake da shi ya tabbatar da rashin isasshe don gudanar da rikicin yadda ya kamata.
Don Amurka don magance cututtukan cututtukan da ke gaba da lafiyar yau da kullun da jin daɗin al'ummarta, ingantaccen tsarin kiwon lafiya yana da mahimmanci.
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3. Haɓaka Rashin Ma'aikata
Nazarin kwanan nan ta hanyar Cibiyar Harkokin Tattalin Arziƙi ya bayyana yanayin rashin daidaituwar albashi daga 1979 zuwa 2020.
Ma'aikata na saman 1.0% sun haura da 179.3%, tare da ƙarin karuwa mai ban mamaki na 389.1% don saman 0.1%. Sabanin haka, albashin kasa da kashi 90% ya karu da kashi 28.2 kawai.
Wannan haɓakar rarrabuwar kuɗaɗen shiga ya haifar da yanayi mai ban tsoro inda, a cikin 2020, ƙasan kashi 90% ya karɓi kashi 60.2% na duk albashin - mafi ƙarancin kaso tun lokacin da aka fara bin diddigin bayanai a 1937.
A cikin 2021, ɓacin arzikin ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa yayin da manyan 10% na Amurkawa ke riƙe da kashi 70% na duk dukiyar Amurka. Bugu da kari, gibin dake tsakanin albashin shugaban kasa da albashin ma'aikata na yau da kullun ya nuna rashin daidaito a kasar.
Tsakanin 1978 da 2018, Babban Darakta ya karu da fiye da 900%, yayin da ma'aikaci na yau da kullun ya ga ƙaramin karuwa na 11.9%. Wannan bayanai sun nuna gaskiyar cewa masu arziki suna karuwa sosai a Amurka, lamarin da ya ta'azzara batun rashin daidaiton kudaden shiga.
4. Bashin dalibi
Bashin ɗalibi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan misalan al'amuran zamantakewa a cikin Amurka.
A cikin labarin 2022. Forbes ya yi tsokaci game da bayanai game da bashin lamunin ɗalibai a Amurka. Jimlar bashin ɗalibi, wanda ya haɗa lamuni na tarayya da na masu zaman kansu, ya kai dala tiriliyan 1.75. A matsakaita, daidaikun masu karbar bashi suna bin kusan $29,000.
Lamunin ɗaliban tarayya yana ba da gudummawa ga kashi 92% na bashin ɗalibai gabaɗaya, tare da haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar karatun da kashi 353.8%. Duk da kokarin da gwamnatin tarayya take yi, matsalar na ci gaba da wanzuwa. A cikin 2020, bashin ɗalibai na gama kai ya karu da fiye da 8%, wanda ya bar masu lamuni da yawa fama don biyan kuɗi.
Sakamakon faduwa a baya kan biyan lamuni ya zarce matsalar kudi. An samu raguwar makin kiredit, yana hana samun wasu nau'ikan yafe bashi. Batun da ke gudana yana ƙara ta'azzara saboda rashin ƙarin layukan bashi, wanda ke jagorantar mutane zurfafa cikin bashi.
Haɓaka kuɗin koyarwa na taka rawar gani sosai, amma rage tallafin da jihohi ke bayarwa ga manyan makarantu da kuma albashin da ba su da aiki su ma suna taimakawa wajen magance matsalar. Yayin da za a iya samun sauƙi cikin gaggawa ta hanyar soke basussuka, cikakkiyar hanya ta zama dole, magance tsadar kuɗin koyarwa, rage tallafin kuɗi, da ƙarancin albashi don magance matsalar bashin ɗalibai yadda ya kamata.
5. Wariyar launin fata
Wariyar launin fata ta kasance matsala a Amurka shekaru da yawa. A cikin 2020, an yi manyan zanga-zangar neman 'yancin jama'a, mafi girma tun shekarun 1960. Amma, ba kowa ba ne ke goyan bayan yunƙurin kyautata abubuwa.
Wasu mutane suna adawa da littattafan da ke magana game da launin fata da wariyar launin fata, musamman a makarantu. Wannan yana sa ya zama da wahala ga yara su koyi game da waɗannan batutuwa masu mahimmanci.
Har ila yau, wariyar launin fata yana nunawa ta hanyoyi na tashin hankali. A watan Mayu, wani matashi dan shekara 18 ya kashe bakar fata 10 da gangan. Ya rubuta takardar bayanin dalilin da ya sa ya yi hakan. Ya yi imani da wani ra'ayi mai suna Great Replacement Theory, wanda ya ce ana maye gurbin fararen fata.
Nazarin ya gano cewa kusan 7 cikin 10 na Republican, ƙungiyar siyasa, suna tunanin cewa 'yan siyasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna son ƙarin iko ta hanyar maye gurbin masu jefa ƙuri'a masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Wannan ba yana nufin duk 'yan Republican za su yi wani abu na tashin hankali ba, amma yana nuna cewa ra'ayoyin wariyar launin fata har yanzu suna da yawa. Muna buƙatar nemo hanyoyin canza waɗannan ra'ayoyin kuma mu kyautata ƙasar ga kowa da kowa.
6. Kalubalen Hakkokin Zabe
Hare-haren kan 'yancin kada kuri'a na daya daga cikin manyan misalan al'amuran zamantakewa da kuma babban abin damuwa a Amurka saboda yana shafar wasu batutuwa. Cibiyar Brennan don Adalci ta ci gaba da bin diddigin hani, kuma daga 1 ga Janairu zuwa 7 ga Disamba, 2021, jihohi 19 sun zartar da dokoki 34 da ke iyakance damar kada kuri'a.
'Yan jam'iyyar Republican a koyaushe suna son a tsaurara dokokin zabe, amma bayan da'awar karya cewa Joe Biden ya saci zaben shugaban kasa, hare-harensu ya karu.
Cibiyar ta gano cewa ya zuwa ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2022, aƙalla kudurori 34 tare da tanadin takurawa suna tafiya ta cikin majalisun jihohi 11. A cikin dukkan zaman majalisa na 2022, jihohi 39 za su yi la'akari da kudurorin hana jefa kuri'a kusan 400.
Waɗannan kuɗaɗen suna nufin iyakance jefa ƙuri'a na wasiƙa, taƙaita zaɓen Lahadi, gabatar da sabbin ko tsauraran dokokin ID na masu jefa ƙuri'a, da ƙari. Waɗannan dokokin ba kawai suna iyakance damar masu jefa ƙuri'a ba har ma suna goyan bayan da'awar ƙarya game da amincin zaɓe, yana lalata amincin masu jefa ƙuri'a ga sakamakon.
7. Kalubalen Rikicin 'Yan Gudun Hijira
Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira, babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a cikin 2019, yana ci gaba da zama damuwa ga wadanda abin ya shafa kai tsaye.
A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, mutane da ba a taba ganin irinsu ba a yanzu suna zama a wata kasa daban da inda aka haife su. Kimanin mutane miliyan 70.8 ne aka tilastawa barin gidajensu, inda aka ware kusan miliyan 30 a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira. Abin mamaki, fiye da rabin yawan 'yan gudun hijirar duniya sun ƙunshi mutane 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18.
Wannan al'ummar da ta rasa matsugunai tana fama da matsaloli daban-daban, gami da iyakance damar samun ilimi, kiwon lafiya, damar aiki, da muhimman albarkatu. Ko tserewa rikici ko bala'o'i a ƙasashensu na asali, 'yan gudun hijira suna buƙatar ƙarin taimako wajen sarrafa ƙalubalen dabaru, tunani, da tunanin da suke fuskanta.
Ma'aikatan zamantakewa, tare da basirar su na musamman, suna da kayan aiki da kyau don samar da goyon bayan da ake bukata don taimaka wa waɗannan mutane su jimre da kuma shawo kan matsalolin halin da suke ciki. Bukatar kokarin hadin gwiwa don magance batutuwa daban-daban da suka dabaibaye rikicin 'yan gudun hijira ya kasance mafi muhimmanci wajen tabbatar da walwala da kwanciyar hankali na wadanda abin ya shafa.
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8. Batun Hana Littattafai a Makarantu
A cikin 'yan watannin nan, mutane da yawa da suka damu da ilimi, kamar masu karatu da malamai, sun firgita saboda karuwar dokar hana littattafai da ke faruwa a makarantu a faɗin Amurka.
PEN Amurka, a kidayarsa ta farko na haramtattun litattafai, ta gano fiye da lokutta 1,500 na haramcin litattafai cikin watanni tara kacal. Wadannan haramcin sun faru ne a cikin jihohi 26, wanda ya shafi gundumomin makarantu 86 kuma ya shafi kusan makarantu 3,000 da ke da dalibai sama da miliyan biyu.
Duk da yake ƙalubalen littattafai a ɗakunan karatu na makaranta ba sababbi ba ne, abin da ya bambanta wannan yanayin shine kashi 41% na haramcin da aka rubuta a cikin Index na PEN suna da alaƙa da jami'an jihohi ko zaɓaɓɓun 'yan majalisar dokoki, wanda ke nuna "canjin da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba." Littattafan da ke fuskantar ƙalubale sukan shafi batutuwa kamar ilimin jima'i, asalin LGBTQ+, da koyarwar launin fata da wariyar launin fata.
Ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, kamar uwaye don 'Yanci, yawanci suna amfani da hujjar "haƙƙin iyaye" don tabbatar da waɗannan haramcin. Akwai ma damuwa cewa haramcin littafi na iya wuce dakunan karatu na makaranta, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin shari'ar da wani dan majalisar dokokin Virginia ya kai karar Barnes & Noble don hana sayar da litattafai biyu na batsa ga yara kanana ba tare da izinin iyaye ba. Duk da yake wannan karuwa a cikin haramcin littattafai sabon abu ne, a halin yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan zamantakewa mafi mahimmanci a Amurka.
9. Kalubalen Rikicin Bindiga
Rikicin bindiga dai babbar matsala ce a Amurka, kuma masana harkokin kiwon lafiya sun ce kamar matsalar rashin lafiya ce ga jama'a. Ba wai kawai ya shafi mutanen da ake kashewa ba; yana da tasiri mai yawa a fannoni daban-daban kamar kiwon lafiya da ayyukan ɗan adam.
Akwai nau'o'in tashin hankali na bindigogi, kamar kisan kai, tashin hankalin ƙungiyoyi, harbe-harben jama'a, da kisan kai.
Abin baƙin ciki shine, Amurka ce ta fi yawan kashe-kashen da suka shafi bindiga a tsakanin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Tasirin tashin hankali na bindiga ba kawai wadanda suka rasa rayukansu suke ji ba; mutanen da suka ji rauni, suka ga tashin hankali na bindiga ya faru ko kuma sun rasa wanda ya damu da su kuma suna fuskantar matsaloli na dindindin, duka a cikin tunaninsu da jikinsu.
Batun ya wuce adadin; damuwa ce da ta shafi rayuka da dama kuma tana da tasiri mai yawa akan jin dadin mutane.
10. Adalcin Yanayi
Adalci na yanayi yana ɗaya daga cikin misalan mafi mahimmanci na al'amuran zamantakewa waɗanda masana kimiyya da masu fafutuka ke ƙarfafawa tsawon shekaru. Duk da gargadin, an yi kadan don magance tasirin sauyin yanayi.
{Asar Amirka na fuskantar mummunan sakamako, wanda ke bayyana a cikin mummunar guguwar hunturu na 2021. Wadannan guguwa sun haifar da mummunar gazawar samar da makamashi a Texas, wanda ya haifar da karancin makamashi, ruwa, da abinci. Wani rahoto daga Ma’aikatar Lafiya ta Jihar ya gano mutuwar mutane 246, amma adadin na iya karuwa.
Bincike ya nuna cewa dumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi ke haifarwa a yankin Arctic na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da waɗannan guguwa. Yayin da yanayin ke dumama, barkewar igiyar igiyar ruwa ta karu, wanda ke haifar da irin guguwar da aka gani a Texas. Canjin yanayi kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga tsawon lokacin gobarar daji da kuma tsananin zafin rana, kamar yadda aka gani a yankin Pacific Northwest a watan Yunin 2021, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar ɗaruruwan mutane.
Irin waɗannan abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba ana hasashen za su zama akai-akai, suna nuna buƙatar gaggawa don magancewa da rage tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan al'ummominmu da muhallinmu.
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