Irony ndi chida chimene olemba amagwiritsa ntchito kusonyeza kusiyana pakati pa zomwe timayembekezera kuti zichitike ndi zomwe zimachitikadi m'nkhani. Pali makamaka mitundu itatu ya nthano: zochititsa chidwi, zongochitika, komanso zongolankhula.
Nkhope zochititsa chidwi zimachitika pamene omvera akudziwa chinachake chimene anthu a m’nkhaniyo sadziwa. Zimapangitsa kukayikira komanso nthawi zina nthabwala chifukwa timatha kuona zochitika zomwe zikuchitika mosiyana ndi otchulidwa.
Zodabwitsa zimachitika pakakhala kusiyana pakati pa zomwe timayembekezera kuti zichitike ndi zomwe zimachitikadi. Zodabwitsa zamtunduwu zimatha kudabwitsa komanso kukopa omvera potembenuza nkhani m'njira zosayembekezereka.
Chinyontho chapakamwa chimaphatikizapo kusiyana pakati pa zomwe zanenedwa ndi zomwe zikutanthawuza. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika pamene wina anena zosiyana ndi zomwe akutanthauza, monga mawu achipongwe kapena mawu ochenjera.
M'nkhani, kuseketsa kumawonjezera kuya ndi chidwi, kumapangitsa omvera kuganizira mozama za otchulidwa ndi chiwembu. Ndi njira yoti olemba azisewera ndi ziyembekezo zathu ndikutipangitsa kukhala ndi chidwi ndi zomwe zikuchitika.
Kodi Irony ndi chiyani?
Irony ndi chida chofotokozera nkhani chomwe chimasewera ndi kusiyana pakati pa zomwe timayembekezera ndi zomwe zimachitikadi. Olemba ndi okamba amagwiritsa ntchito nthabwala kupanga zinthu zoseketsa, kupangitsa kuti anthu azikayikira, kapena kuwunikira china chake chofunikira. Zimagwira ntchito powonetsa kusagwirizana pakati pa zomwe zikuchitika ndi zomwe timaganiza kuti zidzachitika. Kusagwirizana kumeneku kungathe kukopa chidwi ku gawo la nkhani, umunthu wa munthu, kapena mutu wonse.
Tangoganizani kuti mukuyembekezera chinthu chimodzi m'nkhani, koma zosiyana zimachitika, kukupangitsani inu kuseka kapena kukusungani m'mphepete mwa mpando wanu. Kupindika kosayembekezeka kapena kutsutsanako ndiko kumapangitsa kuseketsa kukhala kosangalatsa. Imawonjezera kuzama kwa nkhaniyo, imavumbula zambiri za otchulidwa, ndipo imathandiza kufotokoza mfundo zazikulu mwamphamvu. Chifukwa chake, mukakumana ndi nthabwala m'buku, kanema, kapena kukambirana, kumbukirani kuti zimakhala ngati zodabwitsa zomwe zimathandiza kunena nkhani yabwinoko, yopatsa chidwi.
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Mbiri ya Irony?
Ngakhale Alanis Morissette adadziwika bwino, sanabwere nazo. Ulemerero wa zimenezi umapita kwa munthu wina wachigiriki dzina lake Eiron, munthu wamba amene anagwiritsa ntchito nzeru mochenjera kuti apose ena. Zimenezi zinabala liwu Lachigiriki lakuti “eironeía,” kutanthauza ‘kusokoneza mwadala umbuli.’ Pambuyo pake, linaloŵerera m’Chilatini monga “ironia,” m’kupita kwa nthaŵi kukhala mawu ophiphiritsa a Chingelezi ogwiritsiridwa ntchito mofala m’zaka za zana la 16.
M'mabuku, kunyoza kumakhala ngati uthenga wachinsinsi kuchokera kwa wolemba kupita kwa owerenga, kuwonjezera zigawo zobisika za tanthauzo ndi nthabwala. Zimabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga nthabwala, pomwe zotulukapo zake zimakhala zosayembekezeka, monga momwe zimayatsira moto - kupotoza kodabwitsa. Palinso nthabwala zochititsa chidwi, pomwe omvera amadziwa zomwe otchulidwawo samachita, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusamvana. Ndipo tisanyalanyaze nthabwala zapakamwa, pomwe mawu olankhulidwa mochenjera amatsutsana ndi tanthauzo lake, nthawi zambiri amakhala monyodola kapena nzeru.
Chidacho chimapitirira kusagwirizana chabe kwa kuyembekezera ndi zenizeni; ndi chida chamakono chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi olemba kuti alowetse mwakuya, nthabwala, ndi zokhota mosayembekezereka m'nkhani zawo. Mofanana ndi zokometsera zolembalemba, nsungu ili ndi mphamvu yosinthira nkhani yosavuta kukhala phwando lachisangalalo lamalingaliro.
Kumvetsetsa Mitundu Itatu ya Irony
Irony imawonjezera kupotoza kosangalatsa ku nkhani ndi zokambirana. Pali mitundu itatu yayikulu yamatsenga yomwe tingafufuze kuti timvetsetse bwino kachipangizo kameneka.
1. Zodabwitsa Kwambiri
Nzeru zochititsa chidwi, zomwe zimatchedwanso kuti nsisi zomvetsa chisoni, zimachitika pamene omvera adziŵa chinthu chofunika kwambiri chimene otchulidwa m’nkhaniyo sadziwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu sewero la William Shakespeare "Othello" kuchokera ku 1603, Othello amakhulupirira Iago, koma omvera amadziwa kuti Iago ndi wachinyengo. Chitsanzo china chikupezeka mu Tsoka lachi Greek "Oedipus Rex" lolemba Sophocles, kuyambira cha m'ma 429 BCE. M'nkhaniyi, omvera akudziwa kale za tsogolo lomvetsa chisoni la munthu wamkulu asanadzipeze yekha.
M'mawu osavuta, kuseketsa kodabwitsa kuli ngati chinsinsi chomwe omvera amakhala nacho, kuwonera otchulidwawo akukhalabe osadziwa zambiri zofunika. Kachipangizo kameneka kamawonjezera kukayikira ndi kuzama kwa chiwembucho, kupangitsa omvera kukhala otanganidwa kwambiri akamayembekezera momwe otchulidwawo angachitire akadzazindikira chowonadi.
2. Situation Irony
Zodabwitsa zimachitika pamene zinthu sizikuyenda momwe timayembekezera. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani nkhani yotchuka ya O. Henry, "Mphatso ya Amagi" (1905). M’nkhaniyi, mkazi akuganiza zogulitsa tsitsi lake lalitali kuti agule unyolo wa wotchi yomwe mwamuna wake ankaikonda kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, mwamuna wake amagulitsa wotchi yake kuti amutengere chisa cha tsitsi lake. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti palibe amene amayembekezera kuti mphatso zawo zoganizira zidzasokonezedwa ndi zochita za wina. Kusintha kosayembekezeka kumeneku kumabweretsa chisokonezo.
Mtundu wapadera wanthawi yake ndi nthano zakuthambo, zomwe zimawulula kusagwirizana pakati pa dziko langwiro, lamalingaliro ndi zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku. Zili ngati pamene zinthu zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana bwino m'malingaliro, koma m'moyo weniweni, zimasintha modabwitsa komanso mosayembekezereka. Kumvetsetsa zamatsenga kumawonjezera chisangalalo ku nkhani, pamene timaphunzira kuyembekezera zosayembekezereka.
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3. Kunyoza Pamawu
Kunyoza kwapakamwa kumachitika pamene wina wanena chinachake, koma mawu awo samafanana ndi tanthauzo lake lenileni. Zimachitika pamene wokamba nkhani anena chinthu chimodzi pamene akufuna china chosiyana. Izi zimapanga zinthu zoseketsa kapena zotsutsana, chifukwa pali mkangano pakati pa zomwe akutanthauza ndi zomwe akunena.
Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya nthabwala zapakamwa: kunena mopambanitsa komanso mopanda mawu. Kulankhula mopambanitsa kumaphatikizapo kukokomeza, pamene kunena mopepuka kumapeputsa tanthauzo la mkhalidwewo. Mtundu winanso wa nthano zapakamwa ndi nthano ya Socrates, pamene munthu amanamizira kuti sakudziwa kanthu kuti apangitse ena kutsutsana ndi mfundo zawo.
Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha mawu achipongwe atha kupezeka m'nkhani ya Jonathan Swift, "A Modest Proposal" (1729). Mu ntchitoyi, Swift akukamba nkhani yaikulu, koma malingaliro omwe akupereka ndi ovuta kwambiri moti zikuwonekeratu kuti akugwiritsa ntchito nthabwala kutsutsa maganizo omwe analipo panthawi yake. Nzeru zapakamwa zimawonjezera kuya ndi nthabwala pakulankhulana posewera ndi kusiyana pakati pa zomwe zanenedwa ndi zomwe zikutanthawuza.
Siyani Mumakonda