Mawu ndi ziganizo zili ngati zomangira ziganizo. Onsewa amasewera maudindo ofunikira, koma ziganizo ndi zapadera chifukwa ndi malingaliro athunthu omwe angayime okha. Aganizireni ngati ziganizo zathunthu mkati mwa ziganizo zazikulu.
Mawu ndi magulu a mawu omwe amagwira ntchito limodzi koma osafotokoza lingaliro lathunthu. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati zigawo za chiganizo, kuwonjezera tsatanetsatane kapena zambiri.
Zigawo, kumbali ina, zimakhala ndi mutu (yemwe kapena chiganizocho) ndi verebu (zomwe mutuwo akuchita kapena zomwe zikuchitika). Amatha kupanga zomveka paokha ndipo sadalira chiganizo chonse kuti amvetsetse.
Kumvetsetsa ziganizo ndi ziganizo ndizofunikira mu galamala ya Chingerezi chifukwa zimatithandiza kupanga ziganizo zomveka bwino komanso zomveka. Amapereka dongosolo ndi kuzama kwa zolemba zathu, zomwe zimatilola kufotokoza malingaliro mogwira mtima. Kudziwa kuzigwiritsa ntchito moyenera kungapangitse zolemba zanu kukhala zamphamvu komanso zosangalatsa kwa owerenga.
Kodi Mawu ndi Chiyani?
Mawu ndi mndandanda wa mawu omwe angaphatikizepo mbali zofunika za chiganizo, monga dzina kapena mneni. Komabe, mosiyana ndi chiganizo chathunthu, mawu alibe mutu (amene akuchita) ndi predicate (omwe amakuuzani zomwe mutuwo akuchita). M'malo mwake, imawonjezera tsatanetsatane kapena chidziwitso ku chiganizo polankhula za mutu, chinthu, mneni, kapena nkhani.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukuti, “nyumba yakale ya m’mphepete mwa mtsinje,” gulu la mawu limeneli limapanga mawu, opereka tsatanetsatane wowonjezereka ponena za dzina lakuti “nyumba.” Ziganizo zimapangitsa ziganizo kukhala zofotokozera kapena zachindunji.
Kumbukirani kuti ngakhale ziganizo zimapangidwa ndi mawu, kuchotsa mawu mu chiganizo sikungapange chiganizo chathunthu pachokha. Mawu amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi mawu ena kuti aperekedwe kokwanira malingaliro ndi malingaliro.
Kumvetsetsa ziganizo ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga ziganizo zomwe zimapereka uthenga womwe ukufunidwa. Zimakhala ngati zomangira zofunika zomwe zimawonjezera kuzama ndi tsatanetsatane wa chilankhulo chathu, zomwe zimatithandiza kufotokoza bwino lomwe.
Mitundu 8 ya Mawu mu Chingelezi Grammar
M'dziko la galamala ya Chingerezi, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawu imakhala ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana. Mawu awa, ofunikira popanga ziganizo, amabwera m'mitundu isanu ndi itatu:
1. Mawu a Nauni
Liwu lachidziwitso limaphatikizapo dzina ndi mawu omwe amafotokoza. Mwachitsanzo, m’chiganizo chakuti “Wophunzira waluso, wanzeru adzamaliza maphunziro,” mawu akuti “wophunzira waluso, wanzeru.” Zili ngati gulu la mawu lomwe limatiuza za munthu, malo, chinthu, kapena lingaliro.
Ma adjectives, mawu omwe amafotokoza mayina, nawonso ndi gawo la mawu. Amathandiza kupereka zambiri za nauniyo. Kumvetsetsa ziganizo za mayina kumatithandiza kupanga ziganizo zabwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zolemba zathu zikhale zofotokozera komanso zosangalatsa. Zili ngati kukhala ndi chida chapadera chopangira zithunzi zomveka bwino m'maganizo mwathu pamene ife werengani kapena lembani.
2. Mawu a Verb
Mawu a mneni amaphatikizapo verebu ndi mawu ake omwe amafotokoza kapena kusintha zomwe zikuchitika. Mwachitsanzo, mu mawu akuti "mphaka akugona mwamtendere," mawu akuti "akugona mwamtendere." Mawuwa amafotokoza zochita, zochitika, kapena zochitika m'chiganizo. Akhoza kukhala ndi maverebu owonjezera (monga “ndi,” “anali,” kapena “adzakhala”) ndi adverebu (monga “mwamsanga,” kapena “mwachisangalalo”) amene amapereka mwatsatanetsatane za chochitikacho.
Kumvetsetsa mawu a mneni kumathandizira kumvetsetsa momwe zochita zimachitikira komanso mawonekedwe ake m'masentensi. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti “anali kuchita khama” amasonyeza mneni wa mawu akuti “anali kuchita khama,” kusonyeza khama lake lopitirizabe.
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3. Gerund Mawu
Mawu a gerund amayamba ndi verebu lomwe limatha - , kuchita ngati dzina. Mwachitsanzo, “Kuŵerenga mabuku n’kosangalatsa.” Apa, "kuwerenga mabuku" amagwira ntchito ngati mawu a gerund. Mawu awa amagwira ntchito ngati mitu, zinthu, kapena zowonjezera m'masentensi. Atha kuphatikiza zosintha, monga ma adjectives kapena adverbs.
Kuzindikira mawu a gerund kumathandiza kumvetsetsa udindo wawo m'masentensi. Amawonetsa zochita kapena zochita ndipo ndi ofunikira kwambiri popanga ziganizo zomveka bwino, zazifupi. Kuzindikira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mawu a gerund moyenera kumawonjezera maluso olankhulirana, kumathandiza kulemba ndi kulankhula mogwira mtima. Kudziwa bwino mapangidwe awa kumathandizira kumvetsetsa bwino kalembedwe ka ziganizo ndi galamala.
4. Mawu Opanda Malire
Mawu osatha, kuyambira ndi mawu oti "ku," ali ndi mneni wopandamalire. Zimawonetsa zomwe wina akufuna kapena akufuna kuchita. Mwachitsanzo, m’chiganizo chakuti “Maloto a Gerard ndi kuphunzira zachikale,” mawu osatha ndi “kuphunzira zachikalekale.” Imalongosola chikhumbo cha Gerard chofuna kuphunzira za mabuku kapena maphunziro apamwamba. Mawu osatha amatha kufotokoza zolinga, zokhumba, kapena zolinga momveka bwino komanso mwachidule.
Mawuwa nthawi zambiri amatsatira mneni monga "kufuna," "pulani," kapena "chiyembekezo." Kuwamvetsetsa kumathandiza kuzindikira zolinga kapena zolinga za wina mu chiganizo.
5. Mawu Olimbikitsa
Mawu olimbikitsa amawonjezera zambiri za dzina. Ndi gulu la mawu okhazikitsidwa ndi comma omwe amapereka zambiri za dzinalo. Mwachitsanzo, mu chiganizo "Mchimwene wanga, Malcolm, ndi wasayansi," "Malcolm" ndi mawu otsutsa omwe amanena zambiri za "m'bale wanga."
Mawu awa amapereka mfundo zofunikira kapena zosafunikira. Amathandiza kumveketsa bwino kapena kuwonjezera mfundo zosangalatsa pa chiganizo. Kaya ndikuzindikiritsa munthu ndi ubale wawo kapena kupereka mfundo zowonjezera, mawu olimbikitsa amapangitsa ziganizo kukhala zofotokozera komanso zokopa.
6. Mawu Othandizira
Mawu otengapo mbali amayamba ndi verebu lomwe limasintha kuti likhale ngati adjective kapena dzina. Zimathandiza kufotokoza zochita kapena kufotokoza zinthu mu chiganizo. Mwachitsanzo, m’chiganizo chakuti, “Jack atamaliza homuweki, anagona,” mawu osonyeza kuti akugwira nawo ntchito ndi akuti “Atamaliza homuweki yake.” Imawonjezera tsatanetsatane pofotokoza zomwe zidachitika Jack asanagone.
Mawu awa, opangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zikuchitika kapena zam'mbuyomu, zimapangitsa ziganizo kukhala zosangalatsa komanso kupereka zambiri zokhudzana ndi zochita kapena mitu. Iwo ali ngati chinthu chobisika chomwe chimakometsera momwe timadziwonetsera tokha polemba.
7. Mawu Otsogolera
Mawu oyambilira amagwiritsira ntchito mawu monga "pa," "mu," kapena "ndi" kusonyeza kumene kapena momwe chinachake chiri. Tengani chiganizo ichi: "Wophika mkate anapaka chitoliro pa keke." Apa, mawu a prepositional ali "pa keke," akutiuza komwe icing idapita. Mawuwa amatha kunena za malo, nthawi, njira, kapena ubale. Mwachitsanzo, "pansi pa tebulo," "masana," kapena "ndi mnzanga."
Amawonjezera tsatanetsatane ku ziganizo, kuwapangitsa kukhala omveka bwino. Kumvetsetsa ziganizo za prepositional kumathandiza polemba ndi kuyankhula chifukwa amapereka zambiri zokhudza mutu ndi malo ozungulira, kupangitsa ziganizo kukhala zofotokozera komanso zokopa.
8. Mawu Opanda Mawu
Mawu amtheradi ali ndi mutu wopanda mneni wochitapo kanthu ndipo amasintha chiganizo chonse. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani mawu akuti, “Anatuluka m’chipindamo, m’chiuno mwake mukugwedezeka.” Apa, mawu athunthu akuti "chiuno chake chikugwedezeka" alibe mneni koma amawonjezera tsatanetsatane wofotokozera.
Mawu awa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi dzina ndi gawo (an -ing kapena -ed mawonekedwe a mneni). Amapereka chidziwitso chowonjezera pa chiganizo chachikulu, nthawi zambiri kufotokoza zochita nthawi imodzi kapena mikhalidwe. Ngakhale si chiganizo chathunthu pachokha, mawu omveka bwino amathandizira kumvetsetsa mwa kupereka nkhani kapena kufotokozera. Amatha kubweretsa kumveka bwino komanso kuzama polemba, kujambula chithunzi chatsatanetsatane kwa owerenga.
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Kodi Clause ndi chiyani?
Chigamulo ndi gulu la mawu omwe amapanga mbali ya chiganizo ndi kufotokoza lingaliro lonse. Ndime iliyonse ili ndi zigawo ziwiri zofunika: mutu (munthu wamkulu, chinthu, kapena lingaliro) ndi mneni (zochitika kapena chikhalidwe). Akhoza kuyima okha ngati chiganizo kapena kugwirira ntchito limodzi mu chiganizo chachikulu. Ziganizo zimakhala ndi ndime zodziyimira pawokha, zomwe zimatha kudziyimira zokha, ndi ziganizo zodalira, zomwe zimadalira ndime yodziyimira payokha kuti amalize tanthauzo lake.
Mwachitsanzo, m’chiganizo chakuti “Mphaka anathamangitsa mbewa,” “Mphaka” ndiye mutu, ndipo “kuthamangitsa” ndi mneni, kupangitsa kuti ikhale ndime yodziimira yokha chifukwa imatha kuyima yokha. Komabe, m’chiganizo chakuti “Pamene mphaka anathamangitsa mbewa,” “Pamene mphaka anathamangitsa mbewa” ndi mawu odalira omwe amafunikira chidziŵitso chowonjezereka kuti apange lingaliro lathunthu.
Kumvetsetsa ziganizo kumatithandiza kupanga masentensi okonzedwa bwino komanso kupereka malingaliro omveka bwino. Zimatithandiza kufotokoza zochita, maiko, malo, ndi zina zambiri pamitu yomwe tikukambirana.
Mitundu 4 Yamagawo mu Chingelezi Grammar
Mu galamala ya Chingerezi, pali mitundu inayi ya ziganizo, iliyonse imakhala ndi zolinga zosiyana popanga ziganizo. Ndimezi zimagwira ntchito yofunikira pofotokoza malingaliro ndi kulumikiza malingaliro m'chiganizo.
1. Ziganizo zazikulu mu ziganizo
Chiganizo chachikulu m'chiganizo chimapangidwa ndi mutu ndi mneni. Ikhoza kukhala chiganizo pachokha kapena kuphatikizidwa ndi gawo lina kuti apereke zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m’buku la Leo Tolstoy lakuti War and Peace, muli mawu osavuta kumva akuti, “Madontho anadontha.” Apa, "madontho" ndi dzina, ndipo "kudontha" ndi mneni, kupanga chiganizo chachikulu.
Pamene ndime zikuluzikulu ziwiri ziphatikizidwa ndi koma ndi cholumikizira chogwirizanitsa, zimapanga chiganizo chophatikizana. Chitsanzo chingakhale, "Galu wanga anali wosakhazikika, choncho tinapita kokayenda."
Zigawo zazikuluzikulu ndizo zomangira ziganizo. Ali ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapereka malingaliro athunthu. Mwachitsanzo, “mphaka anagona” ndi chiganizo chachikulu chifukwa ali ndi mutu (“mphaka”) ndi mneni (“anagona”), kupanga lingaliro lathunthu.
Kumvetsetsa ziganizo zazikulu kumathandiza kupanga masentensi atanthauzo. Amapereka dongosolo ndi kumveka bwino kwa zomwe timalankhulana, zomwe zimatilola kufotokoza malingaliro athu mogwira mtima.
2. Magawo Otsatira
Ndime yaing'ono, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mawu monga "chifukwa," "monga," kapena "pamene," ndi gawo laling'ono la chiganizo chogwirizanitsidwa ndi lingaliro lalikulu. Ikhozanso kugwirizanitsa ndi ndime yaikulu pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ogwirizanitsa monga "kapena," "koma," kapena "komabe." Mukayimirira nokha, chiganizo chochepa chikhoza kuwoneka ngati chiganizo chathunthu, koma chimafunika mawu ogwirizanitsa kuti amveke bwino mkati mwa nkhani yaikulu.
Mwachitsanzo, tengani chiganizo "Iye anagwa chifukwa anapunthwa." Apa, “chifukwa anapunthwa” ndiye ndime yaing'ono, kuwonjezera tsatanetsatane wa chifukwa chake adagwa. Ilo silifotokoza ganizo lathunthu palokha koma limakwaniritsa lingaliro lalikulu m’chiganizo.
Magawo ang'onoang'ono amapereka chidziwitso chowonjezereka, kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane, kapena kusonyeza maubwenzi pakati pa zigawo zosiyanasiyana za chiganizo. Iwo amawonjezera kuzama ndi zovuta kulankhulana kwathu popereka nkhani ndi kufotokozera. Kumvetsetsa momwe ziganizozi zimagwirira ntchito mkati mwa chiganizo kumathandiza kuti pakhale kulankhulana momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino.
3. Ziganizo zofotokozera
Chiganizo cha adjective chomwe nthawi zina chimatchedwa chiganizo cha adverbial , ndi gawo la chiganizo chomwe sichikhoza kuima chokha ndipo chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiganizo chachikulu ndi mawu monga "ndani," "ndani," "wake," "amene," kapena "ameneyo." .” Itha kulumikizananso kudzera m'mawu ngati "liti," "kuti," kapena "chifukwa chiyani." M'mawu osavuta, limapereka chidziwitso chowonjezera chokhudza dzina kapena m'malo mwake m'chiganizo chachikulu.
Tangoganizani izi: mukawonjezera tsatanetsatane pa chiganizo chokhudza munthu, chinthu, kapena zochitika, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chiganizo. Mwachitsanzo, m’chiganizo chakuti, “Analira pamene Brad anam’taya,” mbali yakuti “pamene Brad anam’taya” ndiyo ndime yachiganizo. Limafotokoza zambiri za nthawi kapena vuto lomwe limayambitsa kulira.
Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti mawu athu akhale omveka bwino komanso omveka bwino. Amatipatsa mfundo zachindunji kwambiri zimene zimatithandiza kumvetsa za ndani, chiyani, liti, kuti, chifukwa chiyani, kapena mmene zinthu zilili. Kaya akufotokoza za munthu, malo, kapena chochitika, mawu ofotokozera amawonjezera kuzama ndi nkhani ya zomwe tikunena.
4. Zigawo za Nauni
Chigamulo cha dzina chili ngati gawo lapadera la chiganizo lomwe limatenga malo a dzina. Tangoganizani kuti muli ndi chiganizo: "Mendulo yagolide imapita kwa wopambana." Chabwino, mutha kuyisintha pang'ono ndikuti, "Mendulo yagolide imapita kwa aliyense amene wapambana mpikisano." Mukuona zomwe zinachitika pamenepo? “Aliyense amene apambana mpikisanowo” analoŵapo kuti “wopambana” apezeke. Ndilo gawo la dzina lomwe likuchita zake!
Ganizirani za chiganizo cha dzina monga choloweza m'malo mwa dzina lokhazikika, koma ndi losangalatsa kwambiri. Si mawu amodzi; ndi gulu lonse la mawu kuchita ngati dzina. Chifukwa chake, m'malo monena zophweka monga "munthu" kapena "malo," mukugwiritsa ntchito chiganizo chonse chaching'ono kuti mugwire ntchitoyi.
Mukawona chiganizo cha dzina, zimakhala ngati kupeza ndime yachinsinsi m'chiganizo. Zilipo, zikugwira ntchito ya dzina, koma ndizotalikirapo komanso zatsatanetsatane. Ndizosangalatsa momwe tingasinthire zinthu m'masentensi kuti zikhale zosangalatsa, sichoncho?
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Ndime motsutsana ndi Mawu mu Ziganizo
Tikamalemba ziganizo, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa ziganizo ndi ziganizo. Chigamulo ndi lingaliro lathunthu lokhala ndi mutu ndi mneni. Kumbali ina, chiganizo ndi gulu la mawu omwe amawonjezera tsatanetsatane ku nkhani kapena zinthu m'chiganizo koma osapanga lingaliro lathunthu palokha.
Magawo, makamaka ocheperapo kapena achibale, nthawi zambiri amafunikira zolumikizira kuwalumikiza ku chiganizo chachikulu. Ngakhale kuwonjezera izi, akadali ndi mutu ndi mneni. M'masentensi ovuta, ziganizo zikhoza kukhala ndi mawu amodzi kapena awiri, komabe mawuwa sangathe kugwira ntchito paokha.
Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani izi: “Mphaka, atakhala pamphasa, anathamangitsa mbewa.” Apa, "kukhala pamphasa" ndi mawu osintha mutu wakuti "mphaka." Komabe, “mphaka anathamangitsa mbewa” ndi ndime yathunthu yomwe imapanga lingaliro lonse.
Kumvetsetsa ziganizo ndi ziganizo kumathandiza popanga ziganizo zomwe zimapereka malingaliro athunthu ndikupereka tsatanetsatane. Ndime ziganizo zimapereka mpangidwe wa ziganizo ndi kulumikizana popereka malingaliro athunthu, pomwe mawu amakulitsa ziganizo powonjezera zofotokozera popanda kupanga malingaliro athunthu.
Siyani Mumakonda