Mu 1955, Rosa Parks anali akuchokera kuntchito kusitolo. Linali tsiku lalitali, koma Parks sanali wotopa kuposa masiku onse, monga anafotokozera pambuyo pake. Kutopa kumeneku kunabwera chifukwa cha kupirira kwa zaka zambiri za tsankho ndi chidani.
Patsiku limenelo, pamene dalaivala wa basi anam’pempha kuti asiye mpando wake kaamba ka azungu, Rosa anaganiza kuti wapirira mokwanira. Kukana kwake kusamuka kunayambitsa chipwirikiti cholimbana ndi a tsankho lozama kwambiri ku United States.
Tiwona mfundo 15 zofunika kwambiri za Rosa Parks, wofunikira kwambiri m'gulu la Civil Rights.
Zambiri za Rosa Parks
1. Mu 1955, Rosa Parks anamangidwa chifukwa chokana kukana
Pa Disembala 1, Parks anali paulendo wobwerera kunyumba kuchokera kuntchito atakumana ndi malamulo olekanitsa mabasi.
Basiyo idasankha madera okwera azungu ndi Akuda, pomwe azungu amakhala pamzere wakutsogolo ndipo Akuda amakakamizidwa kukhala kumbuyo. Rosa adatsatira malamulowo koma adafunsidwa ndi dalaivala wa basi kuti abwerere kumbuyo kuti akakhale okwera azungu. Potsutsa zofuna zopanda chilungamozi, Rosa anakana kusiya mpando wake.
Chifukwa chake, apolisi adaitanidwa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti amangidwe. Chochitikachi, chowoneka ngati chachilendo, chidakhala nthawi yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri pomwe idayambitsa Montgomery Bus Boycott ndipo idatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri Gulu Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu, akutsutsa malamulo a tsankho la mafuko.
Kupenda chochitikachi kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa mphamvu ya kulimba mtima kwa munthu mmodzi polimbana ndi kupanda chilungamo.
2. Rosa Parks amakumbukiridwa ngati "Amayi a Civil Rights Movement" chifukwa cha ziwonetsero zake zofunika.
Bungwe la Civil Rights Movement linali lofunika kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 1900 pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti aliyense ali ndi ufulu wofanana ku America.
Ukapolo utathetsedwa kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, Anthu akuda ku America anakumana ndi zinthu zambiri zopanda chilungamo. Iwo analekanitsidwa ndi Azungu Achimereka m’malo monga masukulu, ndipo ndithudi, mu makonzedwe a mipando m’mabasi.
Kuchokera mu 1954 mpaka 1968, panali gulu lalikulu losintha zinthu ndi kuzipanga kukhala zabwino.
Zochita za Rosa Parks zinali gawo lalikulu la kusinthaku. Sanasiye kukhala m’basi, ndipo zimenezi zinasintha kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, anthu ambiri anachita zionetsero zotsutsa kuti anthu akuda akhale osiyana, ndipo sanagwiritse ntchito mabasiwo kwa chaka chathunthu.
Potsirizira pake, panali mlandu wa khoti umene unanena kuti sikunali koyenera kulekanitsa anthu m’mabasi ku Alabama. Kulimba mtima kwa Rosa Parks kunathandiza kuti zinthu zikhale bwino kwa anthu akuda ndikuwonetsa momwe ziwonetsero zamtendere zingakhalire zamphamvu.
3. Rosa Parks anakumana ndi vuto lalamulo atamangidwa
ED Nixon, mtsogoleri wa Alabama NAACP, ndipo ena ogwirizana nawo anathandiza kuti amasulidwe mwa kumulipira belo atangomangidwa. M’masiku anayi okha, Rosa anapezeka m’khoti. Poyankha, NAACP idakonza zonyanyala mabasi, ndikulimbikitsa anthu kuti asagwiritse ntchito ndipo m'malo mwake asankhe njira zina zoyendera monga kuyenda kapena kukwera basi kuti awonetse mgwirizano ndi Rosa.
Mosasamala kanthu za kuyesayesa kumeneku, mlandu wa Rosa unatha moipa, pamene khoti linagamula zomutsutsa ndi kumulipiritsa chindapusa cha $14.00. Komabe, kudodometsa kumeneku sikunasonyeze mapeto a ulendo wa Rosa. Nkhani yake idapitilirabe komanso kulimbikitsa ena ambiri pakumenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe.
4. Kukana kwa Rosa Parks kusiya mpando wake m'basi yosiyanako kudakhudza kwambiri kunyanyala kwa basi ku Montgomery.
Mlandu wa Rosa utatha, anthu omenyera ufulu wawo anaganiza zopitiriza ziwonetsero zawo zotsutsa mabasi opanda chilungamo. Adakumana pamodzi kuti akhazikitse bungwe la Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), ndicholinga chokonzekera ndi kutsogolera kunyanyalako. Martin Luther King Jr. wachichepere, wazaka 26 zokha panthaŵiyo, anasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti wake.
Rosa Parks adagwira ntchito yofunikira mu MIA, akugwira ntchito pa komiti yayikulu komanso kugwira ntchito mwachidule ngati dispatcher. Mu gawo lake lotumiza anthu, adathandizira omwe adatenga nawo gawo pakunyanyala powalumikiza ndi kukwera kuntchito, kusukulu, ndi zina. MIA inakhazikitsa njira yoyendetsera galimoto, yogwiritsira ntchito magalimoto oposa 300 ndi ngolo zokwana 22 zoperekedwa ndi matchalitchi.
Njira yatsopanoyi idapangitsa kuti anthu pafupifupi 30,000 alandire mayendedwe omwe amafunikira tsiku lililonse. Zoyesayesa zonse za MIA ndi mamembala ake zidawonetsa mphamvu za mabungwe ammudzi potsutsa tsankho ndikulimbikitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe.
5. Rosa Parks anamangidwanso mu 1956
Pa February 21 chaka chimenecho, khoti lalikulu la ku Montgomery linazenga mlandu Rosa Parks, pamodzi ndi ED Nixon, Martin Luther King Jr., ndi ena 86, pansi pa lamulo. Alabama Anti-Boycott Act. Lamuloli lidapangitsa kuti kusaloledwa kutenga nawo gawo panyanyala ya basi yomwe amatsogolera. Milanduyi idayamba chifukwa chochita nawo ziwonetsero zotsutsa tsankho.
Zithunzi zodziwika bwino za Rosa Parks, kuphatikiza chithunzi chake ndi chithunzi chomwe akujambulidwa chala, zimalumikizidwa ndi kumangidwa uku mu 1956, osati ziwonetsero zoyamba pa Disembala 1, 1955.
Zithunzi zojambulidwazi zimatenga nthawi yofunikira kwambiri mu Civil Rights Movement, kuwonetsa zotsatira zalamulo zomwe Parks ndi ena adatsutsa malamulo atsankho chifukwa chokana chiwawa.
6. Rosa Parks adatchuka kwambiri chifukwa chokana kusiya mpando wake wa basi, koma sanali mkazi woyamba kutsutsa tsankho.
Mu 1955, Claudette Colvin wazaka 15 anachitanso chimodzimodzi mwa kukana kulola mpando wake kwa mzungu ndipo anamangidwa.
Ngakhale Rosa Parks anachirikiza zomwe Claudette adayambitsa, atsogoleri ena omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe adaganiza kuti Claudette, yemwe amamutcha "wonyada," sanali wosuma mlandu wokulirapo. Ngakhale izi, Rosa adakhalabe mnzake wamkulu wokhazikika wa Claudette m'nyengo yachilimwe atamangidwa.
Ngakhale kuti nkhani ya Claudette siidziwika kwambiri monga ya Rosa, inakhudza kwambiri. Mu 1956, a Claudette adakhala m'modzi mwa otsutsa ku Browder v Gayle, mlandu wa feduro womwe udapangitsa kuti mabasi a Montgomery achotsedwe. Nkhanizi zikugogomezera zovuta ndi mgwirizano kumbuyo kwa mawu odziwika bwino ndi zochita za bungwe lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe.
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7. Kuyambira ali wamng'ono, Rosa Parks, yemwe poyamba anali Rosa McCauley, ankadziwa za tsankho.
Wobadwira ku Pine Level, Alabama, adakulira limodzi ndi amayi ake, mchimwene wake, ndi agogo ake. Ubwana wake unachitikira limodzi ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chiwawa cha mafuko pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko I, zomwe zinachititsa agogo ake kuima pakhonde, atanyamula mfuti, kuyang’anira gulu lankhondo la Ku Klux Klan. Pamene Rosa ankaphunzira zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga kusoka, kuphika, ndi kuyeretsa, ankakhalanso ndi nthawi “kudikirira” ndi agogo ake.
Motsogozedwa ndi ziphunzitso za agogo ake, Rosa anakulitsa kaimidwe kolimba kokana kuvomereza kuchitiridwa nkhanza. M’chochitika china kuyambira ali mwana, mnyamata wachizungu anamuopseza, zomwe zinachititsa Rosa kuchitapo kanthu. Mopanda mantha, anatola njerwa, kuopseza mnyamatayo bwinobwino. Zokumana nazo zakalezi zidapangitsa kuti Rosa Parks amvetsetse kusiyana pakati pa mitundu ndi chisalungamo, ndikuyika maziko ake omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe.
8. Rosa Parks anali ndi mchimwene wake wamng'ono dzina lake Sylvester James McCauley, yemwe anali wamng'ono kwa zaka ziwiri.
Sylvester anatumikira m’Nkhondo Yadziko II, kutengamo mbali m’mabwalo a zisudzo a ku Ulaya ndi ku Pacific. Nkhondo itatha, anasamukira ku Detroit ndi mkazi wake, Daisy, ndipo pamodzi analera ana khumi ndi atatu. Sylvester ankapeza zofunika pa moyo monga kalipentala ndipo ankagwira ntchito ku Chrysler Motor Company.
Mmodzi mwa ana aakazi a Sylvester, Sheila McCauley Keys, analemba buku lotchedwa "Auntie Rosa: Banja la Rosa Parks Limakumbukira Moyo Wake ndi Maphunziro Ake," lofalitsidwa mu 2015. kuchokera m'banja. Kudzera mu ntchitoyi, Sheila amatenga zomwe azakhali ake adachita, ndikupanga ulemu womwe umawonjezera kumvetsetsa za cholowa cha Rosa Parks.
9. Rosa Parks ndi Raymond Parks adakwatirana mu 1932 atafunsira tsiku lawo lachiwiri.
Onsewa anali omenyera ufulu, ndipo Raymond adakhudzidwa kwambiri pothandizira chitetezo cha Scottsboro Boys, achinyamata asanu ndi anayi akuda omwe akuimbidwa mlandu wogwiririra.
Anagwira ntchito pa ufulu wa ogwira ntchito ku Montgomery ndikupeza ndalama zothandizira. Zochitazo zinali zowopsa, zomwe zimatsogolera othandizira kukumana m'malo obisika. Kuti afotokoze zambiri zamisonkhano, Raymond adatengera njira yochenjera - kuyimirira kutsogolo kwa nyali inayake ndikumanga nsapato yake mwanjira inayake. Rosa anamutchula mwachikondi kuti “woyamba kumenya nkhondo weniweni amene ndinakumana naye.”
Kudzipereka kwa awiriwa pazachilungamo komanso kufanana kunasintha miyoyo yawo, ndipo kutengera koyambirira kwa Raymond kunatenga gawo lalikulu pazantchito ya Rosa ngati chizindikiro cha ufulu wachibadwidwe. Zochita zooneka ngati wamba zomanga nsapato kapena kuyimirira pafupi ndi nyali za mseu zinali ndi tanthauzo lamphamvu paulendo wawo wogawana nawo.
10. Rosa Parks anatenga ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'moyo wake
Mu 1933, adapeza dipuloma ya kusekondale, zomwe zidachitika kawirikawiri kwa anthu akuda nthawi imeneyo. Ngakhale kuti anali wophunzira, kupeza ntchito yogwirizana ndi ziyeneretso zake kunali kovuta. Rosa anatenga maudindo monga wothandizira inshuwalansi, kalaliki wa muofesi, wothandizira namwino, ndi wogwira ntchito zapakhomo.
Komanso, ankagwira ntchito yosoka kunyumba kuti azipeza ndalama. Luso la Rosa losoka linaleredwa ndi amayi ake ndi agogo ake aakazi, onse aluso opanga ma quilt omwe adamupatsa chidziwitso. Komanso, adalandira maphunziro osoka ku Montgomery Industrial School for Girls asanamalize maphunziro ake.
11. Rosa Parks ndi wotchuka chifukwa chokana kusiya mpando wake wa basi, koma kulimbikitsana kwake kunayamba zaka zapitazo.
Kubwerera mu 1943, adalowa nawo Montgomery NAACP ngati mlembi. Udindo wa Rosa unali wofufuza milandu yokhudza nkhanza za apolisi, kuphana, kugwiririra komanso kusankhana mitundu. Makamaka, adatengera mlandu wokhudza kubedwa ndi kugwiriridwa kwa mayi wazaka 24 wakuda. Poyang'anizana ndi kukana kwa apolisi akumaloko kuti aziimba milandu, Rosa, m'malo mwa Montgomery NAACP, adadzitengera yekha.
Pofuna kuthana ndi chisalungamocho, adakhazikitsa Komiti Yowona Zachilungamo ndipo adayambitsa kampeni yolembera kalata kwa bwanamkubwa wa Alabama. Ngakhale kuti potsirizira pake panakhazikitsidwa khothi lapadera, oukirawo sanaimbidwe mlandu. Pozindikira kudzipereka kwake, Rosa adasankhidwa kukhala mlembi woyamba wa boma wa NAACP mu 1948.
12. Pambuyo pa kupambana kwa basi ya Montgomery, Rosa Parks anakumana ndi zopinga zazikulu zomwe zinamukakamiza kuchoka kwawo.
Ngakhale kuti kunyalanyaku kunayenda bwino, zomwe zinachititsa kuti anthu anene zosemphana ndi malamulo okhudza tsankho pa zoyendera za anthu onse, Rosa ndi mwamuna wake Raymond anakumana ndi mavuto. Anachotsedwa ntchito ndipo ankavutika kuti apeze ntchito, pamene ankalimbana ndi ziwopsezo zowapha.
Miyezi isanu ndi itatu pambuyo ponyanyala, Rosa, Raymond, ndi amayi a Rosa anasamukira ku Detroit, Michigan, kumene mchimwene wake wa Rosa ankakhala. Ngakhale adapeza zosintha zina, kusankhana mitundu kudapitilirabe ngakhale kumpoto, zomwe zidabweretsa zovuta kwa banjali pankhani yantchito yokhazikika komanso nyumba. Komabe, ngakhale panali zovuta izi, Rosa Parks adakhazikika pakudzipereka kwake kulimbikitsa kufanana pakati pa mafuko ndi ufulu.
13. Rosa Parks anathandiza kwambiri John Conyers, loya wachinyamata ku Michigan, paulendo wake wandale.
Kalelo mu 1960s, Conyers anali underdog pokonzekera mpando watsopano wa Congressional ku Michigan. Ngakhale zinali zovuta, Rosa Parks, motsogozedwa ndi zomwe amagawana ndi Conyers, adadzipereka pantchito yake.
Mu 1965, Conyers adanyoza zomwe akuyembekezera ndipo adapambana pachisankho. Pozindikira kudzipereka kwa Parks, adamulemba ntchito nthawi yomweyo kuti azigwira ntchito muofesi yake ya Detroit. Izi zidasintha kwambiri ma Parks, popeza idakhala ntchito yake yoyamba yokhazikika kutsatira Montgomery Bus Boycott. Rosa Parks adapitilizabe kuthandizira ku ofesi ya Conyers mpaka atapuma pantchito mu 1988, akuwonetsa mgwirizano wanthawi yayitali womwe unayamba ndi kudzipereka kogawana ku chilungamo cha anthu ndi ufulu wantchito.
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14. Rosa Parks adasunga tchalitchi ndi chipembedzo pamtima pake
Kuti mumuzindikire ngati wochirikiza, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa chikhulupiriro chake chachikhristu. Atakula, anapita ku Mount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church ku Pine Level. Ngakhale atakula, chikhulupiriro chake chinali cholimba.
M’buku lake lakuti, “Quiet Strength: The Faith, the Hope and Heart of a Woman Who Changed Nation,” Rosa anagogomezera kufunika kwa tchalitchi. Iye ankaona kuti imeneyi ndi malo abwino oti anthu azisonkhana ndi kuphunzira popanda kuchitiridwa zinthu zopanda chilungamo. Rosa anafotokoza kuti tchalitchichi ndi “maziko a dera lathu.”
Sanali malo olambirira chabe; ndi kumene anthu ankapeza chithandizo, chidziwitso, ndi kufanana. Chikhulupiriro cha Rosa sichinali chosiyana ndi zochita zake; m’malo mwake, zinalimbikitsa kutsimikiza mtima kwake kumenyera nkhondo chilungamo ndi kufanana. Kumvetsetsa mawu ake okhudza tchalitchi kumapereka chidziwitso pazikhulupiliro ndi zikhulupiliro zomwe zidatsogolera zochita zake pagulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe.
15. Patatsala chaka chimodzi kuti Rosa Parks amwalire, anamupeza ndi vuto la maganizo limene linakula kwambiri m’kupita kwa nthawi.
Iye anafa mwachibadwa. Anthu ambiri amalemekeza chikumbukiro chake atamwalira. Thupi lake lidayikidwa ku US Capitol Rotunda ku Washington, DC, komwe anthu amawawona.
Uwu unali ulemu waukulu, chifukwa anali mkazi woyamba komanso wachiwiri Wakuda kulandira msonkho umenewu. Mu onse aŵiri Detroit ndi Montgomery, makonzedwe apadera anapangidwa m’mabasi kusungitsa mipando yakutsogolo, yodziŵika ndi nthimbi zakuda, pokumbukira kulimba mtima kwake m’basi zaka zambiri m’mbuyomo.
Rosa Parks ataikidwa m'manda, anaikidwa m'manda pakati pa mwamuna wake Raymond, yemwe anamwalira mu 1977, ndi amayi ake. Iyi inali nthawi yabata komanso yachisangalalo kwa iwo omwe amasilira kulimba mtima kwake komanso kutsimikiza mtima kwake pomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe. Moyo wa Rosa Parks ukupitilizabe kulimbikitsa anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
Siyani Mumakonda