Anthu aku America azaka za m'ma 18 ndi 19 sanali akuda kukhala ndi udindo uliwonse wofunikira. Munthu wakuda kukhala mphunzitsi linali lingaliro losayembekezereka kalelo.
Masiku ano, timalimbikitsa kukhala ndi anthu osiyanasiyana amitundu yosiyanasiyana pantchito. Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti osati kale kwambiri, anthu akuda adakumana ndi zoletsedwa m'magawo ambiri a ntchito.
Ngakhale pamene ana Akuda pomalizira pake analoledwa kupita kusukulu, zinatenga zaka zambiri kuti aphunzitsi akuda aphunzitse momasuka popanda kutsutsidwa. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1700, kagulu kakang’ono ka anthu olimba mtima kankatsutsana ndi tsankho ndipo anakhala aphunzitsi abwino kwambiri. Izi zimatifikitsa ku funso: ndani ali ndi mutu wa mphunzitsi woyamba wakuda ku America?
Mbiri Yakulekanitsa Sukulu
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, panali lingaliro lalamulo lotchedwa “Osiyana koma ofanana,” lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu mu 1896. Zimenezi zinatanthauza kuti anthu akuda ndi oyera akanatha kukhala osiyana koma kuchitiridwa zinthu mofanana.
Komabe, zenizeni, anthu akuda adakakamizika kukhala m'sukulu zosiyana, zopanda ndalama zambiri pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe komanso panthawi yomanganso.
Posachedwa mpaka 1954, Khothi Lalikulu Kwambiri ku United States linalengeza kuti "Zosiyana koma zofanana" ndizosagwirizana ndi malamulo. mlandu wa Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
Chigamulochi chinasintha kwambiri, kuthetsa masukulu osagwirizana ndi mafuko komanso kuthandiza kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wa anthu. Ngakhale kuti chigamulocho chinali chabwino, ambiri m’dzikoli anakana, zomwe zinapangitsa kusintha kwa anthu kukhala kovuta.
Ophunzira akuda adawonetsa kulimba mtima kodabwitsa polowa m'masukulu aazungu onse, ndipo aphunzitsi akuda adakumana ndi zovuta zazikulu pomwe adayamba ntchito yawo. Kusintha kwa ndondomekoyi kunali kofunika kwambiri, koma kugonjetsa chitsutso ndi kulimbikitsa kufanana kwenikweni kunafuna kutsimikiza mtima ndi mphamvu.
Kodi Susie King Taylor ndi Mphunzitsi Woyamba Wakuda ku America?
Susie King Taylor (1848-1912) ali ndi malo apadera m'mbiri monga mmodzi mwa aphunzitsi oyambirira akuda ku America. Anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri yophunzitsa anamasulidwa akapolo aku Africa-America ku Georgia, kusiya chizindikiro chosaiwalika pa maphunziro a African-American.
Malingana ndi Wikipedia, Taylor anali namwino woyamba waku Africa-America yemwe adagwira ntchito ndi gulu lankhondo panthawi yankhondo yaku America.
Atabadwira muukapolo m’munda wina ku Georgia, Susie anakumana ndi zolepheretsa maphunziro apamwamba. Komabe, ulendo wake unasintha pamene anapita kukakhala ndi agogo ake omasuka ku Savannah ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Mosasamala kanthu za ziletso zalamulo, Susie analandira malangizo achinsinsi kuchokera kwa akazi aŵiri Achiafirika Achimereka ndi achichepere aŵiri achizungu. Ludzu lake lachidziŵitso linapitirizabe.
Mu Epulo 1862, moyo wa Susie unasintha kwambiri pamene adapeza ufulu atathawira ku boti lamfuti la federal pafupi ndi Confederate-yomwe inamangidwa ndi Fort Pulaski. Anakhazikikanso pa chilumba cha Union-occupied St. Simons, komwe anayamba kuphunzitsa akapolo anzake akale ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zinayi zokha. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha ntchito yake yopindulitsa mu maphunziro.
Pambuyo pa kutha kwa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni, Susie anabwerera ku Savannah ndi mwamuna wake, Sergeant Edward King. Kumeneko, anakhazikitsa sukulu yapayekha ya ana a anthu omasulidwa. Komabe, sukuluyi idatsekedwa pasanathe zaka ziwiri chifukwa chotsegulira njira ina yapagulu. Ngakhale zinali zovuta, Susie anakhalabe wolimba mtima pantchito yake yopititsa patsogolo dera lake maphunziro.
Pambuyo pake, Susie adalemba zolemba zake, ".Zikumbutso za Moyo Wanga Ku Camp ndi 33d United States Coloured Troops, Late 1st SC Volunteers.” M’buku lake, iye anafotokoza mosapita m’mbali za mavuto amene anthu amakumana nawo atsankho komanso kusonyeza chiyembekezo cha m’tsogolo. Adawunikiranso za kupita patsogolo kodabwitsa komwe anthu aku Africa aku America adathetsa ukapolo, ndikugogomezera kufunafuna kwawo kufanana ndi ufulu.
Cholowa cha Susie King Taylor ndi umboni wa kulimba mtima ndi kutsimikiza mtima kwa anthu aku Africa America pokumana ndi mavuto. Khama lake lochita upainiya m’maphunziro linatsegulira njira mibadwo yamtsogolo, kulimbikitsa anthu ambiri kuyesetsa kuchita bwino kwambiri mosasamala kanthu za zopinga zomwe angakumane nazo.
Aphunzitsi Akuda Ochita Upainiya Amene Anapanga Mbiri Yakale
M'mbiri yakale, aphunzitsi ambiri achikuda asiya chizindikiritso chosatha, koma tiyeni tiwone anthu awiri odabwitsa omwe adathandizira kwambiri.
Kumanani ndi Fanny Jackson Coppin (1837-1913), wojambula komanso wamkulu woyamba wakuda ku United States. Kubwerera mu 1865, adachita bwino kwambiri pokhala mmodzi mwa akazi oyambirira akuda kupeza digiri ya koleji ku Oberlin College ku Ohio. Pamene anali kulimbikira maphunziro ake, Fanny anachitapo kanthu kuyambitsa sukulu yokhala ndi makalasi amadzulo operekedwa ku kuphunzitsa akapolo omasulidwa.
Atakwera udindo wa mphunzitsi wamkulu pa Institute for Coloured Youth, adadziwikanso pamene Bungwe la Maphunziro la Philadelphia linamusankha kukhala woyang'anira. Atabadwira muukapolo, Fanny adagonjetsa tsogolo lake ndipo adapanga mbiri pokhala woyang'anira woyamba wakuda wa chigawo cha sukulu.
Tsopano, tiyeni titembenuzire chidwi chathu kwa Kelly Miller (1863-1939), munthu womvetsa chisoni yemwe anali wophunzira woyamba wa Black masamu ndi wophunzira woyamba wa Black ku yunivesite ya Johns Hopkins.
Mu 1907, Miller adatenga udindo wa dean ku Howard's College of Arts and Sciences. Kukhudzika kwake sikunangomveka pakuwongolera maphunziro komanso kudabwitsa kwa anthu olembetsa katatu mkati mwa zaka zinayi zokha. Pamene Miller ankapita patsogolo m'moyo wake, adadzipereka ku cholinga chabwino chokulitsa mwayi wa maphunziro apamwamba kwa anthu aku America.
Aphunzitsi awiri awa, Fanny Jackson Coppin ndi Kelly Miller khalani ngati ziwonetsero zolimbikitsa m'mbiri ya maphunziro akuda. Zoyesayesa zawo zaupainiya zinatsegula njira ya mibadwo yamtsogolo, kusonyeza kulimba mtima, kutsimikiza mtima, ndi kudzipereka kosasunthika kuphwanya zopinga pofunafuna chidziwitso.
Kuthetsa Kusiyana kwa Kulimbana Kupitilira kwa Aphunzitsi Osiyanasiyana
Kodi mumadziwa kuti ophunzira ambiri akuda ndi a Latino samawona aphunzitsi omwe amafanana nawo m'makalasi awo? Ngakhale kupita patsogolo kuyambira nthawi ya Jim Crow, padakali mavuto akulu mu maphunziro omwe tiyenera kuthana nawo.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa bungwe la Pew Research Center kuyambira 2018-2019, 16% yokha ya aphunzitsi ku US ndi Black kapena Anthu a ku Puerto Rico, zosiyana kwambiri ndi 42% ya ophunzira a Black ndi Hispanic.
Kuperewera kwa aphunzitsi osiyanasiyana kumakhudza kwambiri ophunzira amitundu. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti ophunzira akamaphunzira kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi omwe amasiyana mtundu wawo, amakhoza bwino m'maphunziro. Kukhala ndi zitsanzo zooneka ngati iwo kumalimbikitsa ophunzira kuti akhulupirire zomwe angathe. Kuwonjezeka kwa chidaliroku kumabweretsa kusintha kwa kuwerenga ndi masamu, komanso kuchuluka kwa omaliza maphunziro.
Aliyense akuyenera kuthandizira kusiyanitsa machitidwe a maphunziro kuti ophunzira amitundu yosiyanasiyana alandire maphunziro abwino kwambiri. Mabungwe amaphunziro akuyenera kupereka maphunziro ofikirika, abwino kwa wophunzira aliyense woyenerera kudzera munjira iliyonse yomwe angathe. Ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyi mwakukhalabe ndi luso losiyanasiyana lomwe limawonetsa zomwe ophunzira athu ali nazo.
Kodi Mphunzitsi Wakuda Woyamba Anali Ndani? Mapeto
Pothana ndi zovuta zomwe zilipo, ndikofunikira kufunafuna malangizo akale. Ndi ochepa omwe amadziwa za anthu oyambirira a Black trailblazers mu maphunziro, komabe nkhani zawo zimawunikira kulimbana kosalekeza kwa kufanana mu maphunziro athu.
Kudziwa za apainiyawa kumakupatsani mphamvu kuti muthandizire bwino dera lanu, kulimbikitsa kusiyana osati pakuphunzitsa kokha komanso m'ntchito zonse. Wonjezerani kufufuza kwanu kupyola anthu akuda mbiri yakale; kumvetsetsa bwino mbiri yathu kumathandizira aliyense kutengapo gawo lofunikira pakukonza mawa achilungamo komanso ophatikizana. Polandira chidziwitso ichi, munthu aliyense akhoza kupanga chikoka chachikulu, kugwira ntchito ku tsogolo lowala komanso lofanana.
Siyani Mumakonda