Zomera, monga anthu ndi nyama, ndi zamoyo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ayenera kupeza njira yoperekera zambiri za majini awo ku mbadwo wotsatira. Zomera zimakwaniritsa izi popanga mbewu zatsopano, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ana, kudzera m'njira ziwiri zazikulu: kuberekana kogonana komanso kusagonana.
Kubereka kwa botanical kungamveke ngati kovuta, koma sikovuta monga momwe kumawonekera. Kudziwa njira zoyambira sikungangokwaniritsa komanso kungakuthandizeni kusunga ndalama pochepetsa kufunika kogula mbewu zatsopano. Chinsinsi chagona pakumvetsetsa njira zothandiza kwambiri zofalitsira zomera zomwe mukufuna.
Nkhaniyi ikufuna kufewetsa lingaliro la kubereka mbewu kwa olima oyambira kumene. Tidzafufuza za kuberekana kwa kugonana komanso kugonana kosagonana m'zomera, ndikuphwanya matanthauzo awo ndi ndondomeko zawo. Mukazindikira mbali zofunika izi, mudzakhala okonzeka bwino ngati wamaluwa, kupanga zisankho zomveka bwino za mbewu zomwe mukufuna kubzala.
Kaya mumangokonda za kachulukidwe ka botanical chabe kapena mukungofuna kukulitsa luso lanu lolima dimba, bukhuli likupatsani zidziwitso zofunikira m'chilankhulo chosavuta kumva.
Kodi Kubala Zomera ndi Chiyani?
Kuberekana kwa zomera ndi momwe zomera zimakhalira ndi ana. Zimachitika m’njira zosiyanasiyana pa zomera zosiyanasiyana, monga mitengo, maluwa, ndi masamba. Pali njira ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zomwe zomera zimapangira ana: kuberekana komanso kuberekana mwachisawawa.
Mu kuberekana kwa kugonana, zomera zimapanga mbewu. Mbewuzi zikhoza kubzalidwa kuti zikule kukhala zomera zatsopano. Tangoganizani ngati kambewu kakang'ono kamene kamapanga kambewu kakang'ono kamene kamamera n'kukhala zomera zazikulu.
Kumbali inayi, mu kuberekana kosagonana, zomera zimapanga ana opanda mbewu. M'malo mwake, amamera tsinde latsopano ndipo mizu kuchokera ku tizigawo ting'onoting'ono imadula chomera choyambirira. Zili ngati chomera chodzipanga yokha, ndikupanga makope omwe amatha kukula kukhala mbewu zatsopano.
Choncho, kubereka kwa zomera kumakhudza momwe zomera zimapangira mibadwo yatsopano. Zomera zina zimachita zimenezi popanga njere, pamene zina zimachita zimenezi mwa kumera mbali zatsopano. Chomera chilichonse chimakhala ndi njira yakeyake yoberekera, ndipo ndizodabwitsa momwe amachitira!
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Njira Yoberekera Zomera
Kuberekana kwa kugonana muzomera ndi njira yochititsa chidwi yomwe imasiyanasiyana pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zomera za m'munda zomwe zimaberekana ndi kugonana kwenikweni ndi angiosperms, zomwe zimakhala maluwa. Mosiyana ndi ma gymnosperms monga conifers, angiosperms amatsatira zochitika zina kuti abweretse moyo watsopano padziko lapansi.
1. Meiosis
Zomera zimafunikira njira yapadera yokonzekera kupanga mbewu zatsopano. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa meiosis, mtundu wa kugawanika kwa maselo. Mu meiosis, maselo a zomera amagawa ma chromosome awo kukhala maselo amodzi a chromosome, omwe amatchedwa. maselo a haploid.
Maselo apaderawa, omwe amadziwika kuti gametes, amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakubereka. Ma gametes ali ngati zomangira zomera zatsopano, zofanana ndi momwe umuna ndi mazira amagwirira ntchito pa zinyama. Choncho, meiosis ndi njira yomwe zomera zimagwiritsira ntchito popanga maselo oberekera ofunikawa, kuonetsetsa kuti ali okonzeka kupanga zomera zatsopano.
2. Kudulira mungu
Zomera zambiri m'minda ndi maluwa, ndipo zimafunikira mungu kuti zigwirizane ndi umuna. Pollination imachitika pamene maluwa pa chomera asinthana maselo obereketsa. Pali mitundu iwiri: pollination pakati pa zomera ziwiri zosiyana ndi pollination yokha mu chomera chimodzi.
Zomera zokhala ndi maluwa zili ndi mbali zofunika kuti mungu udutse. Ali ndi ziwalo zachimuna, zomwe zimatchedwa stamens, zomwe zimakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mungu. Amakhalanso ndi ziwalo zachikazi, zotchedwa carpels kapena pistils, zomwe zimakhala ndi manyazi ndi mazira. Njira yofunika kwambiri ndiyo kusamutsa mungu kuchokera ku anther kupita ku manyazi.
Njuchi, agulugufe, mileme, ngakhale wolima bwino amatha kusamutsa mungu. Njirayi imakhala yofanana: olima amasuntha mungu kuchokera ku anther kupita ku manyazi. Kuchokera pamenepo, imadutsa mu chubu cha mungu kuti idyetse mbalame yaikazi yotchedwa gametophyte, kuonetsetsa kuti mbewuyo iberekane.
3. Kubereketsa
Pambuyo pa pollination, nthawi yamatsenga imachitika pamene tinthu tating'onoting'ono taumuna (umuna) ndi wamkazi (dzira) tabwera pamodzi. Amalumikizana kuti apange maselo apadera otchedwa zygotes, omwe ali ndi magulu awiri a ma chromosome. Muzomera zotulutsa maluwa, monga zomwe zimabala zipatso, njirayi imatchedwa umuna wawiri.
Mgwirizanowu uli ngati chizindikiro choti mbewuyo iyambe kubereka zipatso. Zili ngati chiyambi cha mbewu mwana! Njira yonseyi ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti zomera ziberekane ndikupanga mbewu zatsopano. Choncho, pollination ikachitika, maselo aamuna ndi aakazi akumana, zimakhala ngati mmene chilengedwe chimanenera kuti, “Tiyeni tipange china chatsopano!”
Kawirikawiri, mungu ndi mazirawo zikakumana, zimagwirizanitsa kupanga selo lapadera, ndipo ndicho chiyambi cha chomera cha ana. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka kwa zomera zamaluwa chifukwa zimabweretsa kukula kwa zipatso, zomwe zimakhala ndi mbewu za zomera zatsopano. Chilengedwe chili ndi njira yakeyake yowonetsetsa kuti mbewu zikukula ndikudzipangira zochuluka!
Njira Yoberekera Asexual mu Zomera
Zomera zimatha kupanga mbewu zatsopano popanda kusowa mbewu kapena kutulutsa mungu - izi zimatchedwa kuti asexual reproduction. Ndizosavuta kuposa njira yoberekera muzomera. Pali njira zingapo zomwe zomera zimachitira izi m'minda: zophukira ndi zothamanga.
Zomera zina, monga ginger ndi anyezi, zimagwiritsa ntchito njira yosavuta. Amamera masamba owonjezera pamitengo yawo yomwe imasanduka zomera zatsopano. Ganizirani izi ngati kudzipangira okha.
Zomera zina, monga sitiroberi, zimakhala ndi tsinde lapadera lotchedwa stolons. Mitengoyi imathamanga pansi, ndipo ikapeza malo abwino, imamera mizu ndi kupanga chomera chatsopano. Zili ngati chomeracho chikutumiza wothamanga kuti apange membala watsopano watimu.
M'dziko la zomera, kuberekana kosagonana kwa amuna ndi akazi kuli ngati njira ya chilengedwe yopangira zofanana. M'malo modalira mbewu kapena maluwa, zomerazi zili ndi njira zawozake zokulira mibadwo yatsopano. Chifukwa chake, nthawi ina mukadzawona chomera chatsopano m'munda mwanu, chikhoza kuyamba ngati kamphukira kakang'ono kapena wothamanga akupeza malo ake abwino kuti akule kukhala chomera chatsopano.
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Chifukwa Chake Olima M'munda Ayenera Kumvetsetsa Kubereka Kwa Zomera
M'munda, kubzala mbewu ndikofunikira. Kudziwa zoyambira kumathandiza kuti mbewu zanu ziziyenda bwino chaka chilichonse, ndikukupulumutsani kuti musamagule mbewu kapena mbewu nthawi zonse. Kufufuza njira zoberekera za zomera zanu kumakutsogolerani posankha njira yoyenera yofalitsira.
Kuberekana kwa zomera n'kofunika kwambiri kuti dimba likhale lolimba. Kumvetsetsa kosavuta kwa njirayi kumakupatsani mphamvu yosamalira mbewu zanu pachaka popanda kufunika kogulanso mbewu kapena mbewu.
1. Kukula Zomera kuchokera ku Mbewu
Kwa zomera zomwe zimaberekana kudzera mu njere, njira yachidule yomeretsa zatsopano ndiyo kusonkhanitsa ndi kusunga mbewu zomwe zimatulutsa. Ngati muli ndi masamba a masamba, monga letesi, ndipo mukufuna kupulumutsa mbewu zawo, lolani angapo a iwo apite ku mbewu. Sungani mitu ina pansi mpaka itatulutsa phesi la maluwa. Pesi lamaluwa likawoneka, liphimbe ndi thumba la pepala ndikugwedeza njere m'thumba.
Zomera zobala zipatso, monga biringanya, zisiyeni zipse pang'ono kuposa momwe zimakhalira pambewu musanakolole. Pambuyo pake, tsegulani masambawo, chotsani njerezo, ziume, ndi kuzisunga m’mitsuko. Potsatira njira zosavutazi, mutha kuyambitsanso kayendedwe kazomera munyengo yotsatira.
Kulima mbewu kuchokera ku njere ndi njira yolunjika yowonetsetsa kuti masamba omwe mumawakonda azipezeka mosalekeza. Kaya ndi masamba obiriwira kapena zipatso, kumvetsetsa zoyambira za kusonkhanitsa ndi kusunga mbewu kumakupatsani mwayi wosangalala ndi zokolola zambiri chaka ndi chaka.
2. Kufalitsa Zomera kudzera mu Gawo
Kuti mupange zomera zatsopano popanda mbewu, mungagwiritse ntchito njira yotchedwa magawano. Izi zimaphatikizapo kutenga kachigawo kakang'ono ka mbewu kamene kali ndi mizu yakeyake, kuilekanitsa, ndi kuibzala pamalo ena. Mizu imathandiza chomera chatsopanocho kuyamba kuyamwa madzi ndi zakudya nthawi yomweyo.
Kugawanika ndi koyenera kwa zomera zomwe zimamera m'magulu, monga maluwa ambiri osatha ndi mababu. Zomerazi zili ndi matsinde angapo otuluka mumizu yambiri. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kugawanika sikungagwire ntchito pamitengo ngati mitengo ya pecan yokhala ndi thunthu limodzi kapena zomera monga mpendadzuwa wokhala ndi phesi yokha.
Njira yosavuta imeneyi imalola wamaluwa kufalitsa ndikukulitsa zokolola zawo mosavuta.
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3. Kuberekana kwa Zomera ndi Zodula
Zodula ndi njira yopangira mbewu zatsopano popanda kulekanitsa tsinde ndi mizu yake. Zili ngati matsenga amatsenga zomera! Mutha kudula kachidutswa kakang'ono ka mtengo, kuyika m'nthaka, ndikuwona ikukula mizu ndi mphukira zatsopano, ngati njere yomwe ikumera. Ngakhale izi zitha kugwira ntchito pachomera chilichonse, mitundu ina ndi yabwino kukulitsa mizu kuchokera ku cuttings.
Zomera monga ma succulents ndi ma tubers ndizosavuta kupanga zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zodula. Choncho, m'malo molimbana ndi njere kapena kulekanitsa mizu ndi tsinde, mungagwiritse ntchito njira yoziziritsira iyi kuti mupange zomera zatsopano. Zili ngati kupatsa mbewu mwayi wachiwiri kuti ikule, ndipo ndi njira yabwino yowonjezerera dimba lanu popanda kukangana kwambiri. Yesani ndi zomera zomwe mumakonda ndikuwona zikuchuluka!
Siyani Mumakonda