M'nkhaniyi, takambirana za zisudzo zachi Greek, mfundo zisanu ndi ziwiri zothandiza kwa ophunzira, ndi zina.
Tiyenera kuvomereza chisonkhezero chabwino ndi chilimbikitso cha masoka akale achigiriki ndi kuthandizira kwawo pa zosangalatsa zamakono. Chiyambi cha tsoka lachi Greek ndi nthabwala zidayamba m'zaka za zana la 6 BCE.
Tisanalowe mwatsatanetsatane, tiyeni tikambirane za zisudzo zachi Greek komanso magwero a tsoka lachi Greek ndi nthabwala.
Kodi Greek Theatre ndi chiyani?
Tonse tikudziwa mbiri yakale ya Agiriki ndi nthano zachi Greek. Apa, tikufuna kumvetsetsa zomwe zili zonse ndi zina zambiri.
Mbiri ya zisudzo zachi Greek idayamba m'zaka za zana la 6 BCE. Inayambira mumzinda wakale wa Athens m'zaka za m'ma 6. Inayamba ndi maseŵero atsoka pa mapwando achipembedzo ku Atene.
Masewera achi Greek adalimbikitsanso masewero achi Greek. Pamene nthawi ikupita, tsoka lachi Greek ndi sewero lamasewera linatchuka kwambiri. Zotchuka kwambiri kotero kuti zidachitika kudutsa nyanja ya Mediterranean ndipo zidakhudza zisudzo zachi Greek ndi Aroma.
Chifukwa cha kutchuka kosatha kwa masewero aŵiri achigiriki ameneŵa, ntchito za akatswiri a maseŵero otchuka monga Euripides ndi Aristophanes zinakhala maziko a zisudzo zamakono. Pakali pano, malo owonetsera masewera amakono ndi olemba masewera amalimbikitsidwa ndi ntchito za anthu otchukawa.
Sophocles, Euripides ndi Aristophanes angakhale atapita kale, koma ntchito yawo imakhalabe yolimbikitsa kwa ambiri.
Chiyambi cha Tsoka
Akatswiri akhala akukangana ponena za chiyambi cha tsoka, ndipo pakhala malingaliro ambiri. Akatswiri ena agwirizanitsa chiyambi cha tsoka ndi zojambula zakale, koma chowonadi ndi chakuti zonse zimakhala zosadziwika.
Nthaŵi zina, akatswiri ena amaganiza kuti pali kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa tsoka ndi miyambo yochitidwa m’kulambira Dionysus. Akatswiriwa akupereka nsembe ya mbuzi kwa mulungu wachigiriki Dionysus, mwambo wanyimbo womwe umatchedwa tra-odia komanso kuvala zinyawu.
Chifukwa cha izi, Dionysus anakhala mulungu wa zisudzo. Palinso kugwirizana kwina kwa Dionysus, komwe kuli miyambo yakumwa imene inachititsa olambira kulephera kuugwira mtima. Kugwirizana pakati pa miyambo yakumwa ndi wopembedza kutaya malingaliro awo zonse zokhudzana ndi zisudzo ndi zisudzo.
Pamene wina akusewera munthu pa siteji, amakonda kutengera kumverera, chinachake chosiyana ndi momwe amakhalira.
Zisudzo zachi Greek zidayamba m'masiku akale, ndi zovuta zazikulu monga Euripides, ndi Aristophanes.
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Chiyambi cha Comedy Greek
Chiyambi cha sewero lanthabwala lachi Greek kuyambira zaka za zana la 6. Akatswiri ambiri ayesa kupeza chiyambi cha sewero lanthabwala lachigiriki, chifukwa ankakhulupirira kuti linatayika m’mbiri yakale.
Komabe, akatswiri amaphunziro amakhulupirira kuti zochita za amuna oseŵera anthu papulatifomu ndi kutsanzira ena zinayamba kale kulembedwa mbiri isanalembedwe.
Malinga ndi mbiri yakale, chizindikiro choyamba cha sewero lanthabwala lachi Greek mu Chigriki chakale chimachokera ku mbiya. Kalelo m’zaka za m’ma 6 B.C.E., zokongoletsa zina zinkaimira anthu ochita zisudzo ovala ngati ovina, akavalo, ndiponso okwera pamahatchi.
Ndakatulo za Archilochus ndi Hipponax ndizonso zoyambilira za nthabwala zachi Greek mzaka za 6th ndi 7th BCE. Malinga ndi zomwe zidachokera, ndakatulo za Archilochus ndi Hipponax zili ndi nthabwala zachiwerewere.
Tsopano, tiyeni tilankhule za zisudzo zachi Greek ndi mfundo zisanu ndi ziwiri zothandiza kwa ophunzira.
# 1. Mbiri
Monga tanena kale, zisudzo zachi Greek zidayamba m'zaka za zana la 6 BCE, ndipo ndiye maziko a zisudzo zakumadzulo. Malinga ndi akatswiri, sewero loyamba la zisudzo zachi Greek zidayamba mu 534 BC. Linayamba pa maseŵera olemekeza mulungu wachigiriki Dionysus, yemwe ndi mulungu wa vinyo ndi kubala.
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, bwalo la zisudzo la Agiriki linkachitika pa chikondwerero cha Dionysus, ndipo linkalamuliranso madera a nyanja ya Mediterranean.
Ku Atene, chikondwerero chamasewera a Dionysia chinkachitika chaka chilichonse kumapeto kwa Marichi ndikupitilira masiku angapo. Panthaŵi imeneyi, maseŵero anali kuonetsedwa kwa anthu ambiri, ndipo chinali chikondwerero cha anthu wamba ndi chachipembedzo.
Mzinda wa Dionysia play festival umatengedwa ngati chochitika chamalonda osati gulu. Woweruza wamkulu wa boma ku Athens ali ndi udindo wokonza chikondwerero chamasewera a Dionysia. Pa chikondwerero chamasewera cha City of Dionysia, mphotho zidaperekedwa kwa olemba sewero angapo omwe adapambana mu nthabwala ndi zoopsa.
#2. Sewero ndi Olemba Sewero
M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC, panali olemba masewero angapo mu zisudzo zakale zachi Greek, koma olemba atatu okha a tsoka ndi olemba awiri a comedy ankalamulira chikondwerero cha sewero. Tatchula ena mwa olemba odziwika bwino mu bukhuli. Euripides, Sophocles ndi Aristophanes ndi ena mwa mayina odziwika bwino pamndandanda.
M’tsoka lachigiriki lachigiriki, linali lolamuliridwa ndi Aeschylus ndi Euripides. Pamene Aristophanes ndi Menander ankalamulira nthabwala zachi Greek. Tisaiwale mbuye wa filosofi, Aristotle.
Aeschylus
Ponseponse, Aeschylus adalemba za masewero owopsa 70 mpaka 90 munthawi yake. Masiku ano, masewero 7 okha omvetsa chisoni olembedwa ndi Aeschylus alipo.
Aeschylus nthawi zambiri amawonedwa ngati tate wa tsoka ndipo ntchito yake imasiyidwa kwambiri ndi ambiri. Chimodzi mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri za Aeschylus chinali kukhazikitsidwa kwa wosewera wachiwiri kuti athe kusamvana maso ndi maso. The Agamemnon ndi Prometheus Bound inalinso imodzi mwazolemba zodziwika bwino za Aeschylus.
Sophocles
Sophocles adalemba masewero owopsa opitilira 120 ndipo adathandiziranso kwambiri pamasewera achi Greek. Anayambitsa wosewera wachitatu, kupanga zochitika zovuta kwambiri pa siteji.
Imodzi mwa ntchito zake zotchuka kwambiri inali Oedipus, Mfumu yotchedwanso Oedipus Rex ndi Mfumu Oedipus. Ntchito yake ikuphatikizanso Antigone ndi Electra. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amaona kuti Oedipus the King ndi tsoka langwiro.
Ma Euripides
Wolemba mbiri wakale wachigiriki Euripides analemba za masoka 95, ndipo 18 kapena 19 okha amene alipo lerolino. Euripides adachepetsa gawo la korasi m'masewera ake, komanso anali ndi ntchito yayikulu.
Zina mwa ntchito zake ndi Bacchae, Medea ndi Trojan Woman, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti Woman of Troy.
Aristophanes
Aristophanes anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri a sewero otchuka kwambiri ku Atene wakale. Iye analemba za 40 comedies, ndipo 11 mwa iwo alipo lero.
Ntchito zodziwika bwino za Aristophanes zikuphatikizapo Chule, Lysistrata, Mtambo, Mbalame, ndi Mavu.
Menander
Menander adalemba zisudzo zopitilira 100 m'zaka za zana lachinayi BC. Mwa ntchito zake zonse, Dyskolos yekha adakalipo mpaka lero.
Aristotle
Tikukambilanabe za zisudzo zachi Greek ndi mfundo zisanu ndi ziwiri zothandiza kwa ophunzira. Koma, tilankhula za wanthanthi Wachigiriki wamkulu, Aristotle.
Aristotle anali wanthanthi wakale wachi Greek komanso m'modzi mwa anthu oganiza bwino kwambiri padziko lapansi. Wanthanthi Wachigiriki amaonedwa kukhala tate wa nzeru za Azungu, ndipo akatswiri ambiri angavomereze zimenezo.
Wanthanthi Wachigiriki wamkulu nthaŵi ina anapereka lingaliro la kalembedwe kochititsa chidwi. Malinga ndi gwero, Aristotle's Three Unites anaganiza zoti sewero lichitike pamalo amodzi tsiku limodzi.
Lingaliro limeneli loperekedwa ndi wanthanthi Wachigiriki wamkuluyo linkadziŵika monga migwirizano itatu ya nthaŵi, malo, ndi zochita.
#3.Theatre Architecture
Nthawi zambiri, malo ochitirako zisudzo akale achi Greek amawonedwa ngati gulu la oimba. Danga lochitira izi limatenga gawo la mita 20 mpaka 30 m'mimba mwake.
Okhestra ndi mawu achigiriki osavuta omwe amatanthauza malo ovina. Kuchokera ku "orkheisthai" kutanthauza kuvina ndi "tra" kutanthauza malo.
Kuphatikiza apo, "chiwonetsero" ndi liwu lachi Greek lochokera ku "skene". Ochita zisudzo amasintha zovala zawo ndi chigoba pagulu la oimba.
Chochitikacho chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, skene imagwira ntchito poyika makina omwe amatsitsa ndikukweza mitembo ndi milungu. Sizikudziwika ngati skene idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokongola kapena ayi.
Masewero ambiri mu Chigriki chakale adayikidwa pamaso pa nyumba yachifumu, kachisi kapena nyumba zomwe mawonekedwe a skene amatha kukhala okwanira.
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#4. Owonera
Kale ku Atene, malo ochitirako masewera achi Greek ankatchedwa mabwalo amasewera. Kalelo m'zaka za zana la 6 BC, Agiriki akale adatcha mabwalo amasewera "maseŵera" kapena "malo owonera".
M’Chigiriki chakale, zisudzo zinkachitikira m’munsi mwa mapiri, ndipo anthu pafupifupi 15,000 mpaka 20,000 ankaonerera. Kalelo, owonererawo ankakhala pamtengo, ndipo panthawi ina, ankakhala pamiyala. Malo okhalapo adakonzedwa mozungulira mozungulira kwa owonera.
Kusewera pamwamba pa phiri kumakulitsa mawu a wosewera mwachibadwa komanso kumathandizira owonerera kumva ochita sewero.
# 5. Kuchita
M’zaka za m’ma 6 B.C.E., onse ochita zisudzo amene ankasewera m’mabwalo achigiriki anali amuna. Panalinso anthu achikazi m'masewera panthawiyi. M’Chigiriki chakale, oseŵera ankatha kuchita zinthu zingapo patsiku limodzi chabe.
Panthawi imeneyo, ochita zisudzo ankawoneka aang'ono kwa owonerera chifukwa ankasewera m'mphepete mwa phiri. Izi zimawonekera m'masewero amasiku ano akumadzulo.
Kalelo m'zaka za m'ma 6 BC, zolemba zoyambirira zinali za wosewera komanso nyimbo ya azimayi, yomwe imaseweredwanso ndi amuna. Magawo angapo analipo m'masewerawa ndipo onse adachitidwa ndi wosewera.
Wosewera woyamba m'masewerowa anali wosewera wotchedwa Thespis. Chifukwa cha izi, ochita zisudzo masiku ano ndi omwe amatchedwa Thespians.
Nthawi zambiri, nyimbo zoimbidwa m'mavuto akale achi Greek amapangidwa ndi anthu osachepera 15. Choyimbidwacho chimachitidwa nthawi imodzi, koma nthawi zina chimagawidwa m'magulu awiri.
Mtsogoleri wa korasi, yemwe ndi "choragos" analankhula mizere payekha. Pambuyo pa mawu oyamba kumayambiriro kwa sewero, choyimbacho nthawi yomweyo chimalowa m'gulu la oimba. Mawu oyambilira amakhalabe pa siteji mpaka sewerolo litatha.
#6. Nyimbo ndi Dance
M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC, nyimbo zinali zofunika kwambiri mu zisudzo zakale zachi Greek. Nyimbo zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mawu apadera m'masewero komanso m'mawu a korasi.
M’Chigiriki chakale, kunali kovuta kulekanitsa nyimbo ndi mawu olankhulidwa. Amagwiritsa ntchito nyimbo zapadera ndi zolinga zina.
Ankagwiritsa ntchito zida zoimbira kuti apange zochitika zapadera panthawi yamasewero. Zina mwa zida zoimbira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zitoliro ndi malipenga.
Panthaŵi imeneyo, kuvina m’maseŵera a m’Chigiriki chakale kunali ndi zilembo zenizeni, komanso zochitika zina.
#7. Zovala ndi Mask
M’mabwalo akale achigiriki, ochita zisudzo m’tsoka ankavala chigoba. Masks awa anali opangidwa ndi bafuta, matabwa kapena nsungwi. Ochita zisudzo amasewera mokhutiritsa owonerera omwe avala maskswa.
Kwa zaka zambiri, pakhala kusintha kwakukulu kwa zovala za zisudzo. Ngakhale kuti ochita zisudzo m’Chigiriki chakale ankavala malaya amkati okongoletsedwa kwambiri ofika ku akakolo, kavalidwe ka sewero kakusiyana masiku ano.
M'Chigiriki chakale, nsapato zomwe zinalipo panthawiyo zinali nsapato zofewa kapena nsapato za ochita masewera. Masiku ano m'malo owonetsera zisudzo, pali zambiri zopezeka kwa ochita masewera.
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Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri pa Greek Theatre- Mfundo 7 Zothandiza kwa Ophunzira
Mafunso otsatirawa amafunsidwa kawirikawiri okhudza zisudzo zachi Greek.
Kodi Greek Theatre ndi chiyani?
Chiwonetsero chachi Greek chimaonedwa ngati njira yowonetsera. Ndiko komwe ochita zisudzo angapo ndi gulu loimba amachita tsoka kapena nthabwala zochokera ku zolemba zakale zachi Greek. Ena mwa olemba masewera achi Greek akale ndi Euripides, Sophocles ndi Aristophanes.
Ndani Anapanga Greek Theatre?
Chiyambi cha zisudzo zachi Greek kuyambira zaka za m'ma 6 BC. Zinachokera ku mwambo wachipembedzo pomwe olambira amavala zophimba nkhope ndikuyimbira Dionysus.
Malinga ndi akatswiri, Thespis anali wosewera woyamba kulankhula ndi omvera komanso kusintha zovala pa siteji.
Kodi mitundu iwiri ya Masewera achi Greek ndi iti?
Mu zisudzo zakale zachi Greek, tsoka ndi nthabwala zinali masewero awiri oyambirira. Pamasewera atsoka, ochita zisudzo atatu ndi gulu loimba la anthu 15 amachita nthano zochokera ku nthano zachi Greek.
Kodi maseŵera akale achigiriki akhudza zosangulutsa zamakono?
Inde, zakhudza kwambiri zosangulutsa zamakono m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Zolemba za masoka akale achigiriki zakhudza zosangalatsa lerolino.
Kutsiliza
Maseŵera akale achigiriki athandiza kwambiri zosangalatsa zamakono. Ntchito za amuna otchuka monga Euripides, Sophocles, Aeschylus, Menander, ndi Aristophanes zimalimbikitsa anthu ambiri masiku ano.
Chiyambi cha tsoka la Agiriki n’chogwirizana ndi miyambo yochitidwa m’kulambira mulungu wachigiriki Dionysus. Zoseketsa zakale zachi Greek zidayamba m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi pomwe ochita masewera amavala ngati akavalo, ovina ndi okwera pamavalidwe.
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