Ndhono mudziyo unoshandiswa nevanyori kuratidza mutsauko uripo pakati pezvatinotarisira kuti zviitike nezvinoitika chaizvo munyaya. Kune kunyanya mhando nhatu dzenharo: dramatic, situational, uye yekutaura.
Hasha dzinoshamisa dzinoitika apo vateereri vanoziva chimwe chinhu icho vatambi vari munyaya yacho vasingazivi. Zvinokonzera kufungirana uye dzimwe nguva kusetsa nekuti tinokwanisa kuona zviri kuitika zvakasiyana nevatambi.
Kunyomba kwemamiriro ezvinhu kunoitika kana paine musiyano pakati pezvatinotarisira kuti zviitike nezvinoitika chaizvo. Mhando iyi yenharo inogona kushamisa nekupinza vateereri nekushandura nyaya nenzira isingatarisirwi.
Kunyomba kwemazwi kunosanganisira musiyano pakati pezvinotaurwa nezvazvinoreva. Zvinowanzoitika kana mumwe munhu akataura zvinopesana nezvaanonyatsoreva, sekunyomba kana kutaura kwehungwaru.
Munyaya, nzvero inowedzera hudzamu uye kukakavara, zvichiita kuti vateereri vanyanye kufunga nezvevatambi nechirongwa. Inzira yekuti vanyori vatambe nezvatinotarisira uye kuti tirambe tichifarira zviitiko zviri kuitika.
Chii chinonzi Irony?
Irony chishandiso chekutaura nyaya chinotamba nemusiyano pakati pezvatinotarisira uye izvo chaizvo zvinoitika. Vanyori nevatauri vanoshandisa manyemwe kuita zvinhu zvinosekesa, kugadzira fungidziro, kana kuisa chinovheneka pane chimwe chinhu chakakosha. Inoshanda nekuratidza kusawirirana pakati pezviri kuitika nezvataifunga kuti zvichaitika. Kusapindirana uku kunogona kukwevera ngwariro kune chikamu chenyaya, hunhu hwemunhu, kana dingindira rose.
Fungidzira uchitarisira chinhu chimwe munyaya, asi chakapesana chinoitika, zvichiita kuti useke kana kukuchengeta uri pamucheto pechigaro chako. Iko kumonyorora kusingatarisirwe kana kupokana ndiko kunoita kuti setsa inakidze. Inowedzera udzamu kurongedzero, inobudisa pachena zvakawanda pamusoro pavatambi, uye inobetsera kupa mifungo mikuru nenzira ine simba. Saka, paunosangana nenharo mubhuku, bhaisikopo, kana hurukuro, rangarira kuti zvakafanana nechishamiso chinobatsira kutaura nyaya iri nani, inonakidza.
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Nhoroondo yeIrony?
Kunyangwe hazvo Alanis Morissette akaita manyemwe mukurumbira, haana kuuya nazvo. Chirevo cheizvozvo chinoenda kumunhu wechiGreek anonzi Eiron, munhu ari pasi pasi aishandisa hungwaru kukurira vamwe. Ikoku kwakabereka shoko rechiGiriki rokuti “eironeía,” rinoreva ‘kukanganisa kusaziva nenzira ine chinangwa.’ Gare gare, rakapinda muchiLatin sa“ironia,” pakupedzisira richiva chirungamutauro cheChirungu chakashandiswa zvikuru muzana remakore rechi16.
Muzvinyorwa, nyonganiso inoshanda semharidzo yakavanzika kubva kumunyori kuenda kumuverengi, ichiwedzera zvidimbu zvakavanzwa zvezvinoreva uye kusetsa. Inouya nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, senge dhizaini yemamiriro ezvinhu, apo mhedzisiro inopesana netarisiro, senge chiteshi chemoto chiri kubata moto - kumonyoroka kunoshamisa. Kune zvakare kuseka kunoshamisa, uko vateereri vanoziva chimwe chinhu chisingazivikanwe nevatambi, vachigadzira kusawirirana. Uye ngatirege kufuratira kunyomba kwemazwi, apo mazwi anotaurwa anopokana zvine hungwaru nerevo yakarongwa, kazhinji yakanyura mukutsvinya kana kuti wit.
Kunyomba kunopfuura kungopesana kwetarisiro uye chokwadi; chishandiso chakaomarara chinoshandiswa nevanyori kuti vapinze udzamu, kusekesa, uye zvinomonyoroka zvisingatarisirwi munyaya dzavo. Sezvinonhuhwira zvemanyorero, nzvero ine simba rekushandura rondedzero iri nyore kuita mabiko anofadza epfungwa.
Kunzwisisa Marudzi Matatu eIrony
Irony inowedzera inonakidza twist kune nyaya nehurukuro. Kune marudzi matatu makuru esimba atinokwanisa kuongorora kuti tinzwisise zviri nani mudziyo wekunyora uyu.
1. Dramatic Irony
Nharo dzinosetsa, dzinodanwawo kuti dambarefu rinosuruvarisa, rinoitika apo vateereri vakaziva chimwe chinhu chinokosha chisingawaniki nevatambi vakuru munyaya. Semuenzaniso, mumutambo waWilliam Shakespeare "Othello" kubva ku1603, Othello anovimba naIago, asi vateereri vanoziva kuti Iago anonyengera. Mumwe muenzaniso unowanikwa mune Dambudziko rechiGiriki "Oedipus Rex" naSophocles, inotangira kuma 429 BCE. Munyaya iyi, vateereri vanenge vatoziva nezvezvinosuwisa zvemutambi mukuru asati azviwana.
Mukutaura kwakapfava, kuseka kunoshamisa kwakafanana nechakavanzika icho vateereri vanobata, vachiona sezvo vatambi vachiramba vasingazivi ruzivo rwakakosha. Chishandiso chekunyora ichi chinowedzera kukahadzika uye kudzika kuchirongwa, zvichiita kuti vateereri vanyanye kubatikana sezvavanofungidzira kuti vatambi vachaita sei kana vazowana chokwadi.
2. Situational Irony
Situation irony inoitika kana zvinhu zvikasafamba nenzira yatinotarisira. Tora, semuenzaniso, ngano inozivikanwa na O. Henry, “Chipo chavaMagi” (1905). Munyaya iyi, mudzimai anosarudza kutengesa bvudzi rake refu kuti atengere cheni yewachi inodiwa nemurume wake. Panguva imwe cheteyo, murume wake anotengesa wachi yake kuti amuwane muzinga webvudzi rake. Chikamu chinoshamisa ndechekuti hapana mumwe wavo anotarisira kuti zvipo zvavo zvine mufungo zvichakanganiswa nezviito zveumwe. Uku kushanduka kusingatarisirwi kwezviitiko kunogadzira kusanzwisisika kwemamiriro ezvinhu.
Imwe mhando yekusekesa yemamiriro ezvinhu ndeye cosmic irony, iyo inoratidza kusawirirana pakati penyika yakakwana, yedzidziso uye inoshanda, yemazuva ese. Zvakafanana kana zvinhu zvichiita sezvinonyatsoenderana mune dzidziso, asi muhupenyu chaihwo, vanotora risinganzwisisike uye risingatarisirwe. Kunzwisisa kunyomba kwemamiriro ezvinhu kunowedzera imwe nhanho yekunakidzwa kungano, apo patinodzidza kutarisira zvisingatarisirwi.
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3. Kunyomba Kwemashoko
Kunyomba kwemazwi kunoitika kana mumwe munhu akataura chimwe chinhu, asi mazwi avo haaenderane nezvaanoreva. Zvinoitika apo mukurukuri anotaura chinhu chimwe asi achitoda chimwe chinhu chakasiyana. Izvi zvinogadzira mamiriro ekusekesa kana kupokana, sezvo paine kusawirirana pakati pezvavanoreva nezvavanotaura.
Kune marudzi maviri makuru enharo yekutaura: kuwedzeredza uye kushomeka. Kuwedzeredza kunosanganisira kuwedzeredza, nepo kutaura pasi kuchideredza kukosha kwemamiriro ezvinhu. Imwe nzira yenharo dzemashoko iSocratic irony, apo munhu anonyepedzera kusaziva chimwe chinhu kuti akurudzire vamwe kuti vapikise pfungwa dzavo.
Muenzaniso wakakurumbira wekunyomba kwemazwi unogona kuwanikwa mune rondedzero yaJonathan Swift, "Chirevo Chinozvininipisa" (1729). Mubasa iri, Swift anokurukura nyaya yakakomba, asi chirevo chaanopa chakanyanyisa zvekuti zvinobuda pachena kuti ari kushandisa manyemwe kushoropodza maitiro aivepo panguva yake. Nharo yekutaura inowedzera hudzamu nekuseka pakukurukurirana nekutamba nemukaha uripo pakati pezvinenge zvichirehwa nezvinonyatsorehwa.
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