Ndeipi mienzaniso yemadingindira mumabhuku? Chii chinoita kuti dzimwe nyaya dzisadzivirirwe nemagineti, dzichikukwevera kumashure nguva nenguva? Haisi chete mavara anogombedzera kana nhaurirano yechokwadi, uye haisiriyo chete adrenaline-kupomba chiito kana rudo-runorwadza moyo. Nepo ngano dzemhando yepamusoro dzichisanganisa zvinhu izvi zvisina musono, chinhu chimwe chakakosha chinozvisimudza kubva kuzvinodhura zvekutengesa kuenda kuzvidzidzo zvekare: dingindira rekunyora rine simba.
Verenga paunodzidza mienzaniso yemadingindira mumabhuku.
Chii Chinonzi Chinyorwa Chekunyora?
Dingindira riri munyaya rakafanana nepfungwa yaro huru. Ndiyo pfungwa huru iyo munyori anoda kutaura nezvayo. Inogona kunge iri pamusoro pekuti hatifanire kutonga sei vanhu nemaitiro avo, iri pfungwa iri nyore. Kana kuti inogona kunge iri pamusoro pechimwe chinhu chikuru, sekuti nzanga inoshanda sei kana kuti zvinorevei kuva munhu.
Vanyori vanoshandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana munyaya dzavo kuratidza dingindira, sevatambi, panoitika nyaya, zvinotaurwa nevatambi, uye zvinoitika munyaya. Munyaya dzakareruka, dingindira ringave chidzidzo chakajeka, sekusatonga vamwe. Asi munyaya dzakaoma kunzwisisa, dingindira rinowanzova pamusoro pezvinhu zvikuru zvinoita kuti tifunge nezveupenyu nenzanga. Madingindira anotibatsira kunzwisisa zviri kuda kutaurwa nemunyori uye kuti nyaya yacho ive nerevo.
15 Mienzaniso Yemadingindira Mumabhuku
Madingindira mazano akakosha munyaya, uye anowanzoonekwa mumabhuku, mafirimu, nemitambo. Ngatitaurei pamusoro pemadingindira mashoma nemimwe mienzaniso.
1. Rudo Nekuzvipira
Rudo kunzwa kwakasimba, uye dzimwe nguva vanhu vemungano vanozvipira zvakanyanya nekuda kwerudo. Somuenzaniso, munyaya "Romeo naJuliet" naWilliam Shakespeare, vanhu vakuru vanosiya hupenyu hwavo nekuda kwerudo. Mune imwe nyaya inonzi “The Gift of the Magi” yakanyorwa naO. Henry, vakaroorana vanopa zvinhu zvavo zvinokosha zvikuru kuti vafare.
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2. The Individual Versus Society
Dzimwe nguva, munhu anopikisana nezvinoonekwa nemunhu wese zvakanaka. Ikoku kunogona kuitika munzanga huru kana kuti kunyange muboka duku reshamwari. Mu "Kuuraya Mockingbird" naHarper Lee, pane munhu anonzi Atticus Finch anorwisana nerusarura, kunyange zvazvo vanhu vazhinji vakamupoteredza vane rusarura. Mu "Hunger Games," Katniss Everdeen anomira achipikisa hurumende ine simba inodzora hupenyu hwemunhu wese. Muna “Mangwana Pakatanga Hondo,” boka reshamwari rinorwisana neuto ratora guta ravo.
3. Rwendo rweGamba
Uyu ndiwo mumwe wemienzaniso yemadingindira mumabhuku ari pamusoro pevatambi vari kuenda kumitambo mikuru kana mibairo. Vanosangana nematambudziko uye vanodzidza zvinhu zvinokosha, izvo zvinovachinja kuti vave nani. Mu "Ishe weRings" naJRR Tolkien, munhu anonzi Frodo, uyo pakutanga anonyara uye asina ruzivo, anoenda parwendo apo anove akashinga uye anowana kuremekedzwa kwevanhu vane simba. Anodzoka kumba ava munhu ashanduka.
Madingindira anotibatsira kunzwisisa zvakadzama zvirevo zvengano uye zvidzidzo zvazvinotidzidzisa nezvehupenyu.
4. Kukura
Dzimwe nguva, nyaya dzine chokuita nevechidiki vari kukura. Zvinoratidza kuti vari kuyaruka vanotarisana sei nematambudziko uye vanodzidza kubva pazviri. Aya matambudziko anogona kunge ari ega kana kuti ane chekuita nenzanga. Sezvo nyaya ichiitika, mudiki protagonist anodzidza zvidzidzo zvakakosha, zvinotungamira mukuzvitsvaga uye kuzvigamuchira. Nyaya idzi dzinoenderana nevechiri kuyaruka nekuti vanonzwisisa matambudziko uye manzwiro anouya nekukura. Zvakafanana nekuona purogiramu yeTV wobva wati, “Munhu ari kuyaruka chete ndiye anoita izvozvo!” Idzi nyaya dzakakosha nekuti dzinobatsira vechidiki kunzwisisa uye kufamba nematambudziko ekukura.
Mienzaniso yedingindira iri inogona kuwanikwa mumabhuku akaita se "The Catcher in the Rye," apo mutambi mukuru, Holden Caulfield, anodzidza kukosha kwedzidzo nemhuri mushure mekusangana nematambudziko muhupenyu hwake.
5. Simba nehuori:
Rimwe dingindira riri mumabhuku riri pamusoro pesimba uye kuti rinogona sei kuchinja vanhu nenharaunda. Nyaya idzi dzinoongorora kuti simba rinogona sei kukonzera uori uye kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa. Vanowanzotaura pamusoro pokusaruramisira uye vanoratidza kuti simba rinogona sei kuunza zvose zviri zviviri zvakanakisisa nezvakaipa muvanhu.
Dingindira iri rinowanikwa mune zvematongerwo enyika kana dystopian mabhuku senge George Orwell's "Animal Farm" uye "1984." Mumutambo waShakespeare "Macbeth," chido chesimba chemutambi mukuru chinotungamira mukudonha kwake kunosuruvarisa. Nyaya idzi dzinoshanda seyambiro pamusoro pengozi dzemasimba nehuori munzanga.
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6. Ruregerero uye Kukanganwira
Vanhu vanowanzokanganisa, uye dingindira iri nderekuti sorry nekuregererwa. Vanhu vari munyaya vanganzwa vaine mhosva pamusoro pechimwe chinhu chavakaita uye vachida kuchigadzirisa. Izvi zvinoitika munyaya dzekuti vadzimu vanoda runyararo vasati vaenderera mberi. Munyaya dzechiKristu, kukumbira ruregerero uye kuregererwa kwakakosha. Vanhu vanogona kunetseka kuzviregererawo. Muenzaniso weiyi dingindira uri muna Khaled Hosseini's "The Kite Runner," apo mutambi mukuru anoedza kugadzirisa kutengesa shamwari yake.
7. Hondo noRugare
Dzimwe nyaya dzinotaura nezvehondo uye rugare. Zvinoratidza kuti hondo inotapura sei vanhu mumuviri nomupfungwa, uye kuti zvematongerwe enyika nokutsvaka rugare zvinoita sei. Nyaya idzi dzinogonawo kutarisa hupenyu mushure mehondo, kuti vanhu vanowana sei runyararo mukati mavo, kana zvisungo zvakasimba zvinoumbwa panguva yehondo. “All Quiet on the Western Front” inoratidza marwadzo akatarisana nevarwi muHondo Yenyika I. “Hondo noRugare” yakanyorwa naLeo Tolstoy inoongorora hondo kubva kumativi akasiyana, kusanganisira zvakaitika kuvarwi uye kuti yakakanganisa sei mhuri nevatungamiriri.
8. Rufu neKufa:
Nyaya dzine simba zvakanyanya kana dzichitaura pamusoro pezvinhu zvinosangana nemunhu wese, serufu. Dzimwe nyaya dzinotaura nezvekusuruvarisa kufirwa, nepo dzimwe dzinoshandisa pfungwa yorufu kufunga kuti upenyu hunorevei. Dzimwe nguva, nyaya idzi dzinotaurawo nezvechitendero uye kuwana chinangwa cheupenyu.
Mubhuku rinonzi "Rufu rwaIvan Ilyich," mutambi mukuru anotarisana nerufu rwake uye anofunga nezvemhando yehupenyu hwaakararama uye vanhu vaakabatana navo.
9. Masikirwo uye Zvakatipoteredza
Nekuda kwekuti Nyika yakatarisana nezvinetso zvakakura sekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, nyaya zvino dzinowanzotaura nezve mabatiro anoita vanhu kune zvakasikwa. Dzimwe nyaya dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vaduku vakaenzaniswa sei nechisiko, uye dzimwe dzinoratidza zvakaipa zviri kuitwa nevanhu kune zvakatipoteredza. Dzimwe nguva, kupokana kuri munhau kuri pakati pevanhu nemasikirwo, senge kana mumwe munhu akanamatira mugwenga uye anofanirwa kurwisa zvisikwa kuti ararame.
Mienzaniso: Mubhuku rinonzi "Walden," munyori anoenda kunogara musango kuti adzidze nezvehupenyu huri nyore uye zvisikwa. Rimwe bhuku, "The Lorax," rinotaura nyaya yekuyambira vanhu nezvekukuvadza nharaunda.
10. Kuzivikanwa uye Kuva
Uyu mumwe wemienzaniso yemadingindira mumabhuku nezvekunzwisisa kuti ndiwe ani uye kuti unokodzera papi munharaunda. Zvakafanana nenyaya dzekukura uye kuva munhu wako. Munyaya idzi, vatambi vanogona kunetsekana nezvinotarisirwa nevamwe kubva kwavari kana kuedza kutsvaga boka ravanonzwa kunge ndevevo.
Mubhuku rinonzi "Munhu Asingaoneki," mutambi mukuru anoedza kufunga kuti ndiani munzanga inomuona seanongova stereotype. Rimwe bhuku, "The Joy Luck Club," rinotaura nezvematambudziko ekuve ese maChina neAmerica, uye kuti zvizvarwa zvakasiyana zvinonzwisisana sei.
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11. Zvakanaka Kupikisana Nezvakaipa
Munyaya dzakawanda, pane hondo huru pakati pezvakanaka nezvakaipa. Idingindira rinozivikanwa mumabhuku. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pane kurwa kwakajeka pakati pemagamba, vakanaka, nevakaipa, vakaipa. Kurwa uku kazhinji kunomiririra pfungwa huru pamusoro pezvakanaka nezvakaipa munyika. Dzimwe nguva, hazvina kunyatsojeka kuti ndiani akanaka uye ndiani akaipa. Nyaya dzakanakisa dzinoita kuti tibvunze izvi uye tinzwisise maonero evatambi vakaipa.
Semuenzaniso, mumabhuku e "Harry Potter" naJK Rowling, Harry neshamwari dzake vanogara vachirwisana nemuroyi akaipa Ishe Voldemort nevateveri vake. Musoro wakafanana unowanwa mu“The Chronicles of Narnia” yaCS Lewis.
12. Rusununguko Uye Kuvharirwa
Dingindira iri rinenge riri pamusoro pemutsauko uripo pakati pekuda kusununguka nekubatikana. Kusungwa kunogona kureva kuvharirwa mumuviri, senge mujeri kana semuranda, kana kungava manzwiro epfungwa, sekuti paunonzwa sekuti haugone kuita zvaunoda nekuda kwezvinotarisirwa nevamwe.
Mune dzimwe nyaya, vatambi vanorota kuve vakasununguka, senge mune nyaya dzevechidiki vari kuda kusiya guta ravo diki muma1950s. Mune dzimwe, ndezvekubatwa panyama, semunyaya dzevasungwa vehondo.
Somuenzaniso, mu“The Shawshank Redemption” yaStephen King, vatambi vari mujeri, asi vanowana nzira dzokuva vakasununguka mumwoyo yavo. Mu "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" naKen Kesey, vatambi vakavharirwa muchipatara chepfungwa, uye vanorwira kutonga hupenyu hwavo.
13. Kumukira Uye Kuenderana
Uyu ndiwo mumwe wemienzaniso yemadingindira mumabhuku ari pamusoro pekurwa kuri kuita zvinhu zvako wega uye kuenderana nezvinotarisirwa neveruzhinji. Hunhu hunogona kumira kune chiremera, kwete kutevedzera mitemo, kana kurwisana nehurongwa huri kutonga zvakanyanya. Izvi zvakada kufanana ne “man vs. society” kunetsana.
Inogonawo kuva yemumwe munhu anopandukira boka raasingadi kuva chikamu charo, sechitendero kana chitendero chakasimba. Vamwe vatambi vanodzokera kumidzi yavo voita zvinotarisirwa, vamwe vachisiya mitemo votsvaga nzira yavo.
Semuenzaniso, muRay Bradbury's "Fahrenheit 451," mutambi mukuru, Guy Montag, anopandukira nzanga inorambidza mabhuku uye kufunga kwakasununguka. Anochinja kubva pamunhu anofamba nemitemo achienda kune anoda kudzidza, achiratidza kurwisana kuri pakati pekutevera mhomho nekufamba nenzira yako.
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14. Kusava nemhosva uye Zvakaitika
Dingindira rekusava nemhosva maringe neruzivo rinowanzoratidza mafambiro anoita vanhu kubva pakuva nemaonero akanaka uye kusaziva zvakawanda kusvika pakuve vakachenjera kuburikidza nezviitiko zvehupenyu hwavo. Semuenzaniso, dingindira iri rinogonawo kutarisa kuti vana vanotanga sei vasingazive zvakawanda uye vanoodzwa mwoyo kana vakura.
Vanhu vanowanzo sangana nechokwadi chakaoma kana kupinda muzvinhu zvinotyora kusava nemhosva kwavo uye kuvaita kuti vanzwisise nyika nenzira yakaoma.
Mubhuku ra“Lord of the Flies” rakanyorwa naWilliam Golding, boka revakomana vakanamatira pachitsuwa chisina chinhu zvishoma nezvishoma vanorasikirwa nokusava nemhosva kwavo sezvavanoedza kuita nzanga asi vanopedzisira vava utsinye.
15. Chokwadi chinopesana neIllusion
Uyu mumwe wemienzaniso yemadingindira mumabhuku anoongorora kuti ndezvipi chaizvo nezvisiri uye kuti vanhu vanogona sei kunetseka kutaura mutsauko. Muzviitiko izvi, nyaya inogona kuita kuti muverengi asava nechokwadi nezvechokwadi uye chii chisiri (senge apo munyori asingakwanisi kuvimbwa naye).
Zvakare, dingindira iri rinogona kutarisa kuti vatambi vanosarudza sei kutenda mune chimwe chinhu chenhema pane kutarisana nechokwadi chakaoma.
MuF. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby," Jay Gatsby anonyepedzera kuva akapfuma zvikuru uye anokosha kuita kuti Daisy Buchanan amude. Mu "A Streetcar Named Desire" naTennessee Williams, Blanche DuBois anowanzo kutiza muzviroto zvake nekuti haakwanise kutarisana nehukasha hwake.
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