Kana iwe uchinzwa usina chokwadi nezve izvo zvinoisa cheni dzechikafu kubva kumawebhu echikafu, hausiwe wega. Asi usazvinetse, tauya kuzokujekesera zvinhu. Ngatitsemurei pasi izvo zvekutanga zvecheni dzechikafu uye mawebhusaiti ezvekudya mumashoko ari nyore kunzwisisa. Mafungiro aya akakosha kune vanodzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yezvipenyu sezvavanofumura hukama hwakaoma kunzwisisa huri pakati pezvirimwa nemhuka mukati mesisitimu yezvipenyu.
Cheni yechikafu yakafanana nenyaya yekuti ndiani anodya ani mumutsara wakatwasuka. Fungidzira shumba ichidya mbizi, uye wawana pfungwa yacho. Kune rumwe rutivi, dandemutande rezvokudya rakafanana nedandemutande rakaoma renhau dzakabatana. Rinoratidza ukama huri pakati pezvinomera zvakasiyana-siyana nemhuka dziri mumhoteredzo yezvipenyu, richiratidza kubatana kwakaoma kunzwisisa kunoita kuti upenyu hurambe huripo.
Nekunzwisisa aya pfungwa, ecologists vanowana nzwisiso yakakosha yekuti marudzi akasiyana anotsamirana sei kune mumwe nemumwe kuti ararame. Saka, ngatinyure tichipinda munyika yemacheni echikafu nemadandemutande echikafu kuti tisave nekunzwisisa basa rezvirimwa nemhuka mumagariro edu ecosystem.
Chii chinonzi Food Chain?
Cheni yechikafu yakafanana nemutsetse unoratidza mafambiro anoita simba kubva kune chimwe chinhu chipenyu kuenda kune chimwe muzvisikwa. Kunotanga nesimba rinobva kuzuva. Zvadaro, simba iri rinofamba nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, imwe pashure peimwe.
Semuenzaniso, ngatitarisei cheni yekudya yakapfava: Zuva → Huswa → Mbizi → Shumba. Zuva rinopa simba kuhuswa, hunodyiwa nembizi. Ipapo, shumba inodya mbizi.
Cheni dzechikafu dzinotidzidzisa kuti zvipenyu zvese zvinowana sei simba kubva mukudya. Zvinoratidzawo kuti zvinovaka muviri zvinofamba sei kubva kune imwe mhando kuenda kune imwe pamwe neketani.
Iye zvino, funga nezvecheni yezvokudya yakaoma: Zuva → Huswa → Mhashu → Mbeva → Nyoka → Hawk. Mucheni umu, hwiza inodya huswa, mbeva inodya hwiza, nyoka inodya mbeva, uye pakupedzisira, gova rinodya nyoka.
Saka, cheni dzechikafu dzinotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti simba uye chikafu chinoyerera sei ecosystems, kubva pazvinomera kusvika kumhuka, huru nediki.
Trophic Levels muChikafu Chain
Munharaunda, zvisikwa zvipenyu zvose zvakaiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvinonzi trophic levels. Aya mazinga anobatsira ecologists kudzidza uye kunzwisisa chaiwo mabasa ezvipenyu mukati meecosystem. Ngatitarisei mune yega yega trophic level mune chikafu cheni.
1. Vagadziri
Mune ecosystems, yekutanga nhanho inogarwa nevagadziri. Zvipuka izvi zvinodaidzwa kunzi vagadziri nekuti zvinokwanisa kugadzira chikafu chazvo. Kusiyana nezvimwe zvisikwa, hazvivimbi nemumwe munhu kuti awane simba razvo.
Vagadziri vanonyanya kushandisa simba reZuva muchirongwa chinonzi photosynthesis kugadzira simba ravo nekudya. Zvirimwa zvinowira muchikamu ichi, sezvinoita algae, phytoplankton, uye zvimwe marudzi emabhakitiriya.
Zvisikwa izvi zvinoita basa rakakosha kuchengetedza kuenzana kwesimba mukati meiyo ecosystem, zvichishanda sehwaro hwezvimwe zvese zvekudya. Kugona kwavo kuzvimiririra kugadzira chikafu chavo kunovasiyanisa sevabatsiri vakakosha kuhutano hwese uye kushanda kweiyo ecosystem.
2. Vatengi
Vatengi vari muChain Chain
Vatengi vanoita basa rakakosha mumaketani echikafu, vachimiririra inotevera trophic level mushure mevagadziri. Kune marudzi matatu makuru evatengi: herbivores, carnivores, uye omnivores.
- Herbivores: Ava ndivo vatengi vekutanga vanodya zvinomera chete. Mienzaniso inosanganisira mhembwe, tsuro, mabhiza, mhou, hwai, uye zvipembenene zvakasiyana. Herbivores inogona kudya zvikamu zvakasiyana zvemiti, zvakadai semashizha, mapazi, michero, michero, nzungu, uswa, maruva, midzi, kana pollen.
- Carnivores: Mhuka dzinodya mhuka dzinodya chete dzimwe mhuka. Mienzaniso yemhuka dzinodya nyama dzinosanganisira katsi, hawks, shark, matatya, zizi, uye dandemutande.
- Omnivores: Omnivores vane kudya kunosanganisira zvose zvirimwa nemhuka. Mabheya, vanhu, raccoons, mhuka dzakawanda, uye shiri dzakawanda dzinonzi omnivores.
Sezvo vatengi vanosimudza cheni yechikafu, mazinga akasiyana anobuda. Vatengi vekutanga, senge herbivores, vanodya zvinomera chete, nepo vatengi vechipiri vachibira vamwe vatengi. Mune muenzaniso, mbeva ingave mutengi wechipiri, uye vatengi vepamusoro vanodya vatengi vechipiri - senyoka mumuenzaniso wakapihwa.
Cheni yechikafu inoguma neapex predator, ichigara kumusoro. Mumuenzaniso wakapihwa, hawk ndiyo mhuka huru. Mimwe mienzaniso yezvikara zveapex munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzinosanganisira shumba, bobcats, shumba dzemakomo, uye hombe chena shark. Kunzwisisa mabasa evatengi kunobatsira kuvhenekera dandemutande rehukama mukati meecosystems.
3. Decomposers
Decomposers inoita basa rakakosha sechinhu chekupedzisira chinongedzo mucheni yechikafu. Izvi zvipenyu zvinobatsira, kunyanya mabhakitiriya nefungi, zvinobudirira pakudya zvinhu zviri kuora sezvirimwa nemhuka zvakafa. Sezvazvinodya, zvinoodza zvinopwanya zvinhu izvi ndokuzvishandura kuva ivhu rine zvokudya zvakawanda. Kuita uku kwakakosha pakudzoreredza kudya kunovaka mumhoteredzo.
Ivhu rine kudya kunovaka muviri rinogadzirwa nezvinoora rinova chitubu chakakosha chezvirimwa. Zvirimwa zvinotora izvi zvinovaka muviri kuti zvigadzire chikafu chazvo kuburikidza nephotosynthesis, zvichitanga kutenderera kutsva kwecheni yekudya. Zvikurukuru, vanoodza vanoita sevashandi vekuchenesa zvisikwa, vachinyatso dzokorora zvisaririra zvezvipenyu zvaimborarama kuita zviwanikwa zvakakosha zvinotsigira kutenderera kwehupenyu kuri kuitika muzvisisitimu.
Nemashoko akapfava, zvinoodza zvinobatsira kuchengetedza kuenzana kwechisikigo nekushandura marara kuita chikafu chinoshanda chezvirimwa, kugadzira kutenderera kunoenderera kunotsigira kupona kwezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana muecosystem.
Chii chinonzi Food Web?
Mambure echikafu akafanana nemufananidzo mukuru wekuti ndiani anodya chii mune imwe nzvimbo. Panzvimbo pokungoratidzira mutsara wakapfava unobva kuzuva uchienda kuzvinomera kumhuka, zvinoratidzira kuti zvinhu zvipenyu zvose zviri munharaunda zvakabatanidzwa sei. Fungidzira sedandemutande rakakura rine shinda dzakawanda - shinda imwe neimwe inomiririra nzira dzakasiyana dzekuwana nadzo mhuka.
Mumashoko akapfava, dandemutande rezvokudya iboka remaketani ezvokudya zvakabatana. Maketani aya anotiudza nezvehukama pakati pemarudzi akasiyana mu a zvakatipoteredza. Nokutarisa dandemutande rezvokudya, masayendisiti anogona kunzwisisa kuti mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana nezvinomera zvinotsamirana sei pane chimwe nechimwe kuti zvirarame. Zvakafanana nokuona dambanemazwi rakaomarara roupenyu muchisiko.
Saka, pachinzvimbo chekufunga zvisikwa semutsara wakatwasuka, fungidzira senge network yakaoma apo zvese zvinotsamira pane mumwe nemumwe. Dandemutande dzechikafu dzinotibatsira kuona kubatana kunoshamisa kuri pakati pezvinomera nemhuka, zvichiratidza kudzikama kweupenyu muzvinhu zvipenyu zvedu.
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