Sangano reAmerica rezana ramakore rechi 18 nerechi 19 rakanga risiri revanhu vatema kubata chero chinzvimbo chakakosha. Munhu mutema kuita mudzidzisi raive zano risingatarisirwe kareko.
Munyika yanhasi, tinosimudzira kuva nevanhu vakasiyana-siyana vane magariro akasiyana pabasa. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kwete kare kare, vanhu vatema vakatarisana nezvirambidzo munzvimbo dzakawanda dzebasa.
Kunyange apo vana vaVatema pakupedzisira vakabvumirwa kuenda kuchikoro, zvakatora makore akawanda vadzidzisi veVatema vasati vagona kudzidzisa vakasununguka pasina kutarisana nokushorwa. Kare mukupera kwema1700, boka duku revanhu vakashinga rakapikisa tsika dzechisaruraganda ndokuva vadzidzisi vakanaka. Izvi zvinotitungamira kumubvunzo wekuti: ndiani ane zita remudzidzisi wekutanga Mutema muAmerica?
Nhoroondo yeKupatsanura Chikoro
Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, pakanga pane pfungwa yepamutemo yainzi “Vakaparadzana asi vakaenzana,” rakagadzwa neDare Repamusorosoro muna 1896. Izvi zvaireva kuti vatema nevachena vaigona kuparadzaniswa asi vachibatwa zvakaenzana.
Nekudaro, muchokwadi, vanhu vatema vakamanikidzwa kupinda muzvikoro zvakasiyana, zvisina mari shoma mushure meHondo yeVanhu uye panguva yeKuvakazve.
Nekukurumidza kusvika muna 1954, Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakati "Kuparadzaniswa asi kuenzana" kunopesana nemutemo nyaya yaBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
Sarudzo iyi yakaratidza shanduko, yakagumisa zvikoro zvine rusarura uye zvakabatsira zvakanyanya mubato rekodzero dzevanhu. Pasinei nemutongo uyu wakanaka, vakawanda munyika vakaramba, zvichiita kuti kuchinja kwevanhu kuve kwakaoma.
Vadzidzi vatema vakaratidza hushingi hunoshamisa nekupinda muzvikoro zvevachena, uye vadzidzisi veBlack vakasangana nematambudziko makuru pavakatanga mabasa avo. Kuchinja kwemutemo uku kwaive danho rakakosha kumberi, asi kukunda kupikiswa uye kukurudzira kuenzana kwechokwadi kwaida kutsunga nesimba.
Susie King Taylor ndiye Mudzidzisi Wekutanga Mutema muAmerica?
Susie King Taylor (1848-1912) ane nzvimbo yakakosha munhoroondo semumwe wevatema vadzidzisi vekutanga muAmerica. Akaita basa rinokosha pakudzidzisa vakasunungura varanda veAfrica-America muGeorgia, zvichisiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki pamamiriro edzidzo yeAfrica-America.
Maererano ne Wikipedia, Taylor aive mukoti wekutanga wemuAfrica-America akashanda nerejiment munguva yeAmerican Civil War.
Akaberekerwa muuranda mumunda muGeorgia, Susie akatarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvedzidzo. Zvisinei, rwendo rwake rwakachinja paakaenda kunogara naambuya vake vakasununguka muSavannah pazera remakore manomwe. Pasinei zvapo neganhuriro dzapamutemo, Susie akagamuchira muraidzo wapachivande kubva kuvakadzi vaviri veAfrica-America nepwere mbiri dzechichena. Nyota yake yezivo yakaramba iripo.
Muna Kubvumbi 1862, hupenyu hwaSusie hwakachinja zvakanyanya paakawana rusununguko mushure mekunge atizira kuchikepe chemubatanidzwa pedyo neConfederate-yakabatwa Fort Pulaski. Akagara patsva paChitsuwa cheUnion-chakagarwa St. Simons, kwaakatanga kudzidzisa vaaimbove varanda vake aine makore gumi nemana chete. Izvi zvakaratidza kutanga kwebasa rake rine simba mudzidzo.
Kutevera kupera kweHondo Yenyika, Susie akadzokera kuSavannah nemurume wake, Sergeant Edward King. Ikoko, akatanga chikoro chakazvimirira chevana vevakasunungurwa. Nekudaro, chikoro chakatarisana nekuvharwa mukati memakore maviri nekuda kwekuvhurwa kweimwe nzira yeruzhinji. Pasinei nezvipingamupinyi, Susie akaramba akashinga muchinangwa chake chekusimudzira nharaunda yake kuburikidza dzidzo.
Gare gare muhupenyu, Susie akanyora memoir yake, "Remiscences dzeHupenyu Hwangu muCamp ne33d United States Coloured Troops, Late 1st SC Volunteers.” Mubhuku rake, akataura pachena matambudziko ari kuramba achiitwa erusaruraganda achiratidzirawo tariro yeramangwana. Akasimbisa kufambira mberi kunoshamisa kwakaitwa nevaAfrica vekuAmerica kubva pakabviswa huranda, vachisimbisa kuenderera mberi kwavo kwekuenzana nerusununguko.
Nhaka yaSusie King Taylor inoshanda sechiratidzo chekusimba uye kutsunga kwevanhu vemuAfrica muAmerica mukutarisana nenhamo. Nhamburiko dzake dzokupayona mudzidzo dzakagadzirira nzira kuzvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi, dzichikurudzira vanhu vasingaverengeki kuti vavavarire kuita zvakanaka pasinei nezvipingamupinyi zvavangasangana nazvo.
Kupayona Vadzidzisi Vatema Vakagadzira Nhoroondo
Muzvinyorwa zvenhoroondo, vadzidzisi vevatema vakawanda vakasiya mucherechedzo usingadzimiki, asi ngatitarisei vanhu vaviri vanoshamisa vakaita zvakakosha.
Sangana naFanny Jackson Coppin (1837-1913), trailblazer uye wekutanga Black principal muUnited States. Kudzoka muna 1865, akawana chiitiko chakakosha nekuva mumwe wevakadzi vekutanga veBlack kuwana dhigirii rekoreji paOberlin College muOhio. Paaironda dzidzo yake, Fanny akaita nhano yokutanga kutanga chikoro chine makirasi emanheru akatsaurirwa kudzidzisa varanda vakasunungurwa.
Mushure mekukwira pachigaro chemukuru weInstitute for Colored Youth, akazozivikanwa zvakare apo Philadelphia Board of Education yakamugadza semukuru. Akazvarwa muuranda, Fanny akabata kutonga kwaaizoenda uye akaita nhoroondo nekuva wekutanga Black superintendent wedunhu rechikoro.
Iye zvino, ngatiisei pfungwa dzedu kuna Kelly Miller (1863-1939), munhu akadzikama aive mudzidzi wekutanga weBlack mathematics uye akatanga kuuya muBlack paJohns Hopkins University.
Muna 1907, Miller akatora chinzvimbo chedhian paHoward's College of Arts and Sciences. Simba rake harina kungonzwikwa mukunatsa kosi chete asiwo muchiitiko chinoshamisa chekunyoresa katatu mukati memakore mana chete. Sezvo Miller akafambira mberi nehupenyu hwake, akazvitsaurira kune chikonzero chakanaka chekuwedzera mukana wekuwana dzidzo yepamusoro kune veAfrica America.
Vadzidzisi vaviri ava, Fanny Jackson Coppin uye Kelly Miller mira sezvivheneko zvekurudziro munhoroondo yedzidzo yevatema. Kuedza kwavo kwekupayona kwakagadzirira nzira kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera, zvichiratidza kusimba, kutsunga, uye kuzvipira kusingazununguki pakuputsa zvipingamupinyi mukutsvaka ruzivo.
Kuvhara Mugero weKurwira Kunoenderera Kune Vadzidzisi Vakasiyana-siyana
Wanga uchiziva here kuti vadzidzi vazhinji veBlack neLatino havambooni vadzidzisi vakaita saivo mumakirasi avo? Kunyangwe kufambira mberi kubva panguva yeJim Crow, kuchine matambudziko akakomba muhurongwa hwedzidzo atinoda kugadzirisa.
Maererano neongororo yakaitwa ne Pew Research Center kubva 2018-2019, 16% chete yevadzidzisi muUS vari Vatema kana Mapepanishi, kusiyana kukuru kune 42% yevadzidzi veBlack neHispanic.
Kushomeka kwevadzidzisi vakasiyana-siyana kune kukanganisa kwakananga kuvadzidzi vemavara. Tsvagiridzo inoratidza kuti kana vadzidzi vakadzidza kubva kuvadzidzisi vanogovana dzinza ravo, vanoita zvirinani mudzidzo. Kuve nemienzaniso yakafanana navo kunokurudzira vadzidzi kuti vatende mune zvavanogona. Uku kukwidziridzwa kwekuvimba kunotungamira mukuvandudzwa kwekuverenga uye masvomhu zvibodzwa, pamwe nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekupedza kudzidza.
Wese munhu anofanirwa kubatsira mukusiyanisa masisitimu edzidzo kuitira kuti vadzidzi vemavara vawane dzidzo yepamusoro. Masangano edzidzo anofanirwa kupa fundo inowanika, yemhando yepamusoro kune chero mudzidzi ane hunyanzvi kuburikidza nechero nzira dzinobvira. Vanofanira kushingairira kuita basa iri nekuchengetedza hunyanzvi hwakasiyana hunoratidza mamiriro evadzidzi vedu.
Ndiani Aiva Mudzidzisi Wemutema Wokutanga? Mhedziso
Mukugadzirisa matambudziko aripo, zvakakosha kutsvaga nhungamiro kubva munguva yakapfuura. Vashoma vanoziva nezvevatema vekutanga trailblazers mudzidzo, asi nyaya dzavo dzinovhenekera kurwira kuenzana kuri kuitika muhurongwa hwedu hwedzidzo.
Kuziva nezvemapiyona aya kunokupa simba rekubatsira munharaunda yako, zvichikurudzira kusiyana kwete mukudzidzisa chete asi mumabasa ese. Wedzera tsvakiridzo yako kupfuura yeBlack nhoroondo manhamba; kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenhoroondo yedu kunoita kuti munhu wese aite basa rakakosha mukuumba ramangwana rine ruramisiro uye rinosanganisirwa. Kugamuchira ruzivo urwu, munhu wega wega anogona kuita zvakakosha, kushanda kune ramangwana rakajeka uye rakaenzana.
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