Muna 1955, Rosa Parks akanga achidzoka achibva kubasa pachitoro. Rakanga rave zuva rakareba, asi Parks akanga asina kuneta kupfuura nguva dzose, sezvaakazotsanangura. Kuneta kwacho kwakabva mukutsungirira kwemakore okusarurwa kwemarudzi uye ruvengo.
Pazuva iroro, mutyairi webhazi paakamukumbira kusiya chigaro chake kuitira vachena vaikwira, Rosa akasarudza kuti akanga atsungirira zvakakwana. Kuramba kwake kutama kwakaita kuti nyika iite mhirizhonga rusaruraganda rwakadzika midzi muUnited States.
Tichatarisa zvinhu gumi neshanu zvakakosha nezveRosa Parks, munhu akakosha mubato reCivil Rights.
Chokwadi nezveRosa Parks
1. Muna 1955, Rosa Parks akatarisana nekusungwa nekuda kwechiito chiri nyore chekupikisa
Musi waZvita 1, Parks aive munzira kuenda kumba achibva kubasa paakasangana nemitemo yekusarura yehurongwa hwemabhazi.
Bhazi rakatara nzvimbo dzevachena nevatema, nevachena vachigara mumitsetse yekumberi uye vanhu vatema vachimanikidzwa kugara kumashure. Rosa aitevedzera mitemo asi akakumbirwa nemutyairi webhazi kuti aende kure kuti agare vatasvi vachena. Achishora ichi chishuvo chisina kururama, Rosa akaramba kusiya chigaro chake.
Naizvozvo, mapurisa akashevedzwa, zvichiita kuti asungwe. Chiitiko ichi, chaiita sechakajairika, chakave chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo sezvo chakamutsa Montgomery Bus Boycott uye yakaita basa rakakosha munhoroondo. Kodzero dzeVanhu, inodenha mitemo yerusaruraganda.
Kuongorora chiitiko ichi kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kukanganiswa kwakadzama kweushingi hwemunhu mumwechete achipikisa kusaruramisira.
2. Rosa Parks inorangarirwa se "Amai veBato reVanhu Veruzhinji" nekuda kwekuratidzira kwavo kwakakosha.
Sangano reCivil Rights Movement raive danho rakakosha zvikuru kuma1900 rekuona kuti munhu wese aive nekodzero dzakaenzana muAmerica.
Mushure mekunge huranda hwakabviswa pakupera kweHondo yeVanhu, vanhu Vatema muAmerica vakawana kubatwa zvisina kunaka kwakawanda. Vakaparadzaniswa nevachena vekuAmerica munzvimbo dzakaita sezvikoro, uye zvechokwadi, muhurongwa hwezvigaro mumabhazi.
Kubva muna 1954 kusvika muna 1968, pakava nesangano guru rekuchinja zvinhu nekuita kuti zvive nani.
Chiito cheRosa Parks chaive chikamu chikuru chekuchinja uku. Haana kusiya chigaro chake mubhazi, uye ikoko kwakava nguva yechinjo. Pashure pacho, vanhu vakawanda vakatsutsumwa kuti vanhu Vatema vasaparadzane, uye havana kushandisa mabhazi kwegore rose.
Pakupedzisira, pakanga pane nyaya yedare yaiti zvakanga zvisina kunaka kuti vanhu vaparadzane mumabhazi muAlabama. Kushinga kwaRosa Parks kwakabatsira kuita kuti zvinhu zvive nani kuvanhu Vatema uye zvakaratidza kuti kuratidzira kune runyararo kunogona kuva nesimba sei.
3. Rosa Parks akatarisana nedambudziko repamutemo mushure mekusungwa kwake
ED Nixon, mutungamiri weAlabama NAACP, uye vamwe vatsigiri vakabatsira kuti asunungurwe nokumubhadhara bheroro achangosungwa. Mumazuva mana chete, Rosa akazviwana ava mudare. Mukupindura, iyo NAACP yakaronga kuramba hurongwa hwemabhazi, ichikurudzira vanhu kuti vasiyane nekuishandisa uye vosarudza dzimwe nzira dzekufambisa sekufamba kana kutora kombi kuratidza kubatana naRosa.
Pasinei zvapo neizvi, kurwisana kwaRosa mumatare kwakapera zvisina kunaka, dare rakamupikisa uye rakamubhadharisa faindi ye$14.00. Zvisinei, kudududza uku hakuna kuratidza kupera kwerwendo rwaRosa. Nyaya yake yakaramba ichinzwika uye ichikurudzira vamwe vasingaverengeki mukurwira kodzero dzevanhu.
4. Kuramba kweRosa Parks kusiya chigaro chake mubhazi rakapatsanurwa kwakakanganisa zvikuru kuramwa kwebhazi reMontgomery.
Zvichitevera kupera kwenyaya yaRosa, vanorwira kodzero vakasarudza kuenderera mberi nekuratidzira kwavo vachipokana nemabhazi asina kunaka. Vakaungana kuti vaumbe Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), vachivavarira kuronga nekutungamira kurohwa. Martin Luther King Jr. muduku, ane makore 26 chete okukura panguva iyoyo, akasarudzwa sapurezidhendi wayo.
Rosa Parks yakaita basa rakakosha muMIA, ichishanda mubhodhi revakuru uye ichishanda muchidimbu semutumwa. Muchinzvimbo chake chekutumira, akabatsira vatori vechikamu mukurova nekuvabatanidza nekukwira kuenda kubasa, kuchikoro, uye zvimwe zvisungo. Iyo MIA yakashandisa carpool system, ichishandisa dzinopfuura mazana matatu emota dzakavanzika uye makumi maviri nemaviri echiteshi ngoro dzakapihwa nemachechi.
Iyi nzira itsva yakaita kuti vanhu vangangosvika zviuru makumi matatu vagamuchire chokufambisa chavaida zuva nezuva. Kuedza kwakabatana kweMIA nenhengo dzayo kwakaratidza simba remasangano emunharaunda mukupikisa kusarura uye kukurudzira kodzero dzevanhu.
5. Rosa Parks yakatarisana nokumwe kusungwa muna 1956
Musi wa21 Kukadzi wegore iroro, dare redzimhosva reMontgomery rakapomera Rosa Parks, pamwe naED Nixon, Martin Luther King Jr., nevamwe makumi masere nematanhatu, pasi Alabama's Anti-Boycott Act. Mutemo uyu wairambidza kupinda mukuramwa kwemabhazi kwavaitungamira. Mhosva idzi dzakakonzerwa nekupinda kwavo mukuratidzira vachipikisa kusarurana kwemarudzi.
Mifananidzo inozivikanwa yeRosa Parks, kusanganisira mugshot yake uye pikicha yaari kudhindwa zvigunwe, yakabatana nekusungwa uku muna 1956, kwete kuratidzira kwekutanga muna Zvita 1, 1955.
Iyi mifananidzo yemifananidzo inotora nguva yakakosha muCivil Rights Movement, ichiratidza mhedzisiro yemutemo yakatarisana neParks nevamwe vakapokana nemitemo yerusarura kuburikidza nekusapikisa kuramba.
6. Rosa Parks yakawana mukurumbira wakanyanya nekuramba kusiya chigaro chake chebhazi, asi akange asiri mukadzi wekutanga kumira achipikisa rusarura.
Muna 1955, Claudette Colvin ane makore 15 akatora danho rakafanana nokuramba kupa chigaro chake kune mumwe mukadzi wechichena ndokusungwa.
Kunyange zvazvo Rosa Parks yakatsigira chikonzero chaClaudette, vamwe vatungamiri vekodzero dzevanhu vaifunga kuti Claudette, anotsanangurwa se "ane utsinye," akanga asiri mumhan'ari akakodzera kune imwe nyaya yakawanda. Pasinei neizvi, Rosa akaramba ari munhu mukuru akasimba kuClaudette munguva yezhizha mushure mekusungwa kwake.
Kunyange zvazvo nyaya yaClaudette ingave isingazivikanwe zvakanyanya seyaRosa, yakave nemigumisiro inokosha. Muna 1956, Claudette akave mumwe wevamhan'ari muBrowder v Gayle, nyaya yemubatanidzwa iyo yakazoita kuti kubvisirwe hurongwa hwebhazi reMontgomery. Idzi nyaya dzinotsikirira kuoma uye kubatana kuseri kweanozivikanwa makotesheni nezviito mubato rekodzero dzevanhu.
Uyewo Verenga: Kristina Sunshine Jung: Bio yeMwanasikana waGeorge Jung
7. Kubva paudiki, Rosa Parks, uyo akatanga Rosa McCauley, aiziva nezverusaruraganda.
Akazvarwa muPine Level, Alabama, akakurira padivi paamai vake, mukoma, nasekuru nasekuru. Uduku hwake hwakasangana nokuwedzera kwechisimba chemarudzi pashure peHondo Yenyika I, zvichiita kuti sekuru vake vamire vakarinda pavharanda, vakabata pfuti vachitarisa Ku Klux Klan. Sezvo Rosa aidzidza unyanzvi hunokosha hwakadai sokusona, kubika, uye kuchenesa, aipedzawo nguva “achirinda” nasekuru vake.
Achitungamirirwa nedzidziso dzasekuru vake, Rosa akatanga chimiro chakasimba chokudzivisa kubvuma kubatwa zvisina kufanira. Mune chimwe chiitiko kubva pauduku hwake, mukomana wechichena akamutyisidzira, zvichiita kuti Rosa aite chimwe chinhu. Nekusatya, akanhonga chidhinha, akabudirira kuvhundutsira mukomana wacho. Izvi zvakamboitika zvakaumba kunzwisisa kwaRosa Parks kwekusaenzana kwemarudzi uye kusarongeka, zvichiisa hwaro hwekuratidzira kwake mubato rekodzero dzevanhu.
8. Rosa Parks aive nemunin'ina ainzi Sylvester James McCauley, aive mudiki wake nemakore maviri.
Sylvester akabatira muHondo yeNyika II, achitora rutivi muzvose zviri zviviri nhandare dzeEurope nePacific. Mushure mehondo, akatamira kuDetroit nemukadzi wake, Daisy, uye pamwe chete vakarera vana gumi nevatatu. Sylvester aiwana chouviri semuvezi uye aishanda kuChrysler Motor Company.
Mumwe wevanasikana vaSylvester, Sheila McCauley Keys, akanyora bhuku rine musoro unoti "Tete Rosa: Mhuri yeRosa Parks Inorangarira Hupenyu Hwake uye Zvidzidzo," rakaburitswa muna 2015. kubva mumhuri. Kuburikidza nebasa iri, Sheila anotora hunhu hwekuita kwaamainini vake, achigadzira mutero unowedzera kunzwisiso yenhaka yeRosa Parks.
9. Rosa Parks naRaymond Parks vakachata muna 1932 mushure mekunge aronga musi wavo wechipiri.
Vese vaive varatidziri, naRaymond akabatanidzwa zvakanyanya mukutsigira kudzivirira kweScottsboro Boys, vechidiki vapfumbamwe veBlack vachipomerwa mhosva yekubata chibharo.
Akashanda pakodzero dzevashandi muMontgomery uye akaunganidza mari yechikonzero. Kuratidzira kwacho kwaive nengozi, zvichiita kuti vatsigiri vasangane munzvimbo dzakavandika. Kuti ataure nezvemusangano, Raymond akatora nzira yakangwara - akamira pamberi pechiedza chemugwagwa uye achisunga shangu yake neimwe nzira. Rosa akataura nezvake nerudo se“murwiri chaiye wekutanga wandati ndambosangana naye.”
Kuzvipira kwevaviri kururamisiro uye kuenzana kwakaumba hupenyu hwavo, nepesvedzero yepakutanga yaRaymond ichiita basa rakakosha mune yakazoitwa Rosa sechiratidzo chekodzero dzevanhu. Kusunga shangu kana kumira pedyo nemwenje wemugwagwa kunoratidzika kunge kwakangojairika kwakabata kukosha murwendo rwavo rwekuratidzira.
10. Rosa Parks akatora mabasa akasiyana-siyana muupenyu hwake
Muna 1933, akawana dhipuroma rechikoro chesekondari, chiitiko chisingawanikwe kune vanhu vatema panguva iyoyo. Pasinei nedzidzo yake, kuwana basa rinoenderana nezvaaikwanisa kwakaratidza kuti zvakaoma. Rosa akaita mabasa akadai seajenti yeinishuwarenzi, mabharani wemuhofisi, mubatsiri wamukoti, uye mushandi wepamba.
Uyezve, aiita basa rokusona pamba kuti awedzere mari yake. Unyanzvi hwaRosa hwekusona hwakasimudzirwa naamai vake naambuya amai vaamai, vese vane hunyanzvi hwekugadzira machira vakamupfuudza ruzivo rwavo. Uyezve, akawana kudzidziswa zvekusona zviri pamutemo paMontgomery Industrial School for Girls asati apedza dzidzo yake.
11. Rosa Parks ine mukurumbira nekuramba kusiya chigaro chake chebhazi, asi kushingaira kwake kwakatanga makore akanga apfuura.
Kudzoka muna 1943, akabatana neMontgomery NAACP semunyori. Basa raRosa raisanganisira kuferefeta nyaya dzine chekuita neutsinye hwemapurisa, kuponda, kubata chibharo, uye rusaruraganda. Zvakanyanya, akatora nyaya yaisanganisira kupambwa uye kubatwa chibharo kwemukadzi ane makore makumi maviri nemana emutema. Atarisana nekuramba kwemapurisa eko kupomera mhosva, Rosa, akamiririra Montgomery NAACP, akazvitora mumaoko ake.
Kuti agadzirise kusarongeka, akagadza Komiti yeEqual Justice uye akaronga mushandirapamwe wekunyora tsamba kuna gavhuna weAlabama. Kunyange zvazvo dare guru revatongi rakazoitwa, vapambi havana kumbopomerwa zviri pamutemo. Mukucherechedza kuzvipira kwake, Rosa akagadzwa semunyori wekutanga weNAACP muna 1948.
12. Zvichitevera kukunda kwebhazi reMontgomery, Rosa Parks yakasangana nezvipingamupinyi zvakamumanikidza kusiya nyika yake.
Pasinei nekubudirira kwemugumisiro wekuramwa kwacho, izvo zvakakonzera kuziviswa kusiri kwebumbiro remutemo kwekuparadzaniswa kwezvifambiso zvevoruzhinji, Rosa nemurume wake, Raymond, vakatarisana nedambudziko. Vakarasikirwa nemabasa avo uye vakatamburira kuwana basa, nguva yose iyi vachirwisana netyisidziro yorufu.
Mwedzi misere mushure mekupera kwekuramwa kwacho, Rosa, Raymond, naamai vaRosa vakatamira kuDetroit, Michigan, kwaigara mukoma waRosa. Kunyange hazvo vakawana budiriro, rusaruraganda rwakaramba rwuchiri kuMaodzanyemba, rwuchikonzera matambudziko kune vaviri ava maererano nekushanda kwakagadzikana uye pekugara. Zvakangodaro, zvisinei nekuomerwa uku, Rosa Parks yakaramba yakatsiga mukuzvipira kwayo kusimudzira kuenzana kwemarudzi uye rusununguko.
13. Rosa Parks yakaita basa rinokosha mukutsigira John Conyers, gweta rechidiki muMichigan, mukati merwendo rwake rwezvematongerwo enyika.
Kare muma1960s, Conyers aive underdog mumushandirapamwe wechigaro chitsva cheCongressional muMichigan. Kunyangwe paine zvipingamupinyi, Rosa Parks, achitungamirwa neakagovana hunhu hwevashandi naConyers, akazvipira kumushandirapamwe wake.
Muna 1965, Conyers akazvidza zvinotarisirwa uye akabuda akakunda musarudzo. Achiziva kuzvitsaurira kwaPaki, akakurumidza kumubhadhara kuti ashande muhofisi yake yeDetroit. Izvi zvakaratidza shanduko yakakosha kuPaki, sezvo rakave basa rake rekutanga rakagadzikana zvichitevera Montgomery Bus Boycott. Rosa Parks yakaramba ichibatsira kuhofisi yeConyers kusvika pamudyandigere muna 1988, ichiratidza kubatana kwakagara kwenguva refu kwakatanga nekuzvipira kwakagovaniswa kune hutongo hwemagariro uye kodzero dzevashandi.
Uyewo Verenga: 50 Vanhu Vanonyanya Kuzivikanwa kubva kuMexico
14. Rosa Parks akabata chechi nechitendero padyo nemoyo wake
Kuti umubate semumiriri, zvakakosha kuti ubate kutenda kwake kwechiKristu. Achikura, akaenda kuMount Zion African Methodist Episcopal Church muPine Level. Kunyange paakanga akura, kutenda kwake kwakaramba kwakasimba.
Mubhuku rake, “Simba Rakanyarara: Kutenda, Tariro uye Mwoyo Womukadzi Akachinja Rudzi,” Rosa akasimbisa kukosha kwechechi. Akaiona senzvimbo yakachengeteka apo vanhu vaizoungana uye kudzidza pasina kubatwa zvisina kunaka. Rosa akarondedzera chechi se“hwaro hwenharaunda yedu.”
Yakanga inopfuura nzvimbowo zvayo yokunamatira; ndiko kwaiwanikwa vanhu rutsigiro, ruzivo, nekuenzana. Kutenda kwaRosa hakuna kuparadzaniswa nekushingaira kwake; panzvimbo pezvo, zvakakuchidzira kutsunga kwake kurwira ruramisiro nokuenzana. Kunzwisisa mashoko ake pamusoro pechechi kunopa nzwisiso muhunhu nezvitendero zvakatungamirira zviito zvake mubato rekodzero dzevanhu.
15. Gore rimwe chete asati afa, Rosa Parks akaonekwa kuti aiva nerudzi rwekuora mwoyo kwakawedzera nokufamba kwenguva.
Akafa nezvikonzero zvepanyama. Vanhu vazhinji vakakudza ndangariro yake mushure mekufa kwake. Mutumbi wake wakaiswa kuUS Capitol Rotunda muWashington, DC, uko wakaonekwa neveruzhinji.
Uku kwaive kukudzwa kwakakosha, sezvo aive mukadzi wekutanga uye wechipiri munhu Mutema kugamuchira mutero uyu. Muzvose zviri zviviri Detroit neMontgomery, gadziriro chaidzo dzakaitwa pamabhazi kuchengeta zvigaro zvepamberi, zvakaratidzirwa namarabhoni matema, mukurangarira chiito chake choushingi mubhazi makore mazhinji akanga apfuura.
Pakavigwa Rosa Parks, akavigwa pakati pemurume wake Raymond, akanga ashaya muna 1977, naamai vake. Yakanga iri nguva yakanyarara uye yakadzama kune avo vaiyemura hushingi hwake uye kutsunga mukumiririra kodzero dzevanhu. Hupenyu hweRosa Parks hunoenderera mberi nekukurudzira vanhu pasirese.
Leave a Reply